Impact of Navaratnalu on Manabadi (Nadu-Nedu / Education) in Andhra Pradesh State

Navaratnalu is in operation in Andhra Pradesh State from 30th May 2019 to provide various schemes to the beneficiaries viz, Farmers, Students, Mothers, old age Persons, Auto-walas, Weavers community, Fisherman community, Poor people in OC, BC, SC, ST, Minorities, and others for better living in the society. The purpose of one Programme of Navaratnalu is to provide infrastructure facilities for all government schools on far with corporate schools and capacity building of the teachers to improve the quality of education in the state. Purpose of the study: The study tried to assess two issues, which are the impact of ManabadiNadu-Nedu/Education and to recommend suitable suggestions for the improvement of the schools under government control. Methodology: This empirical research adopted a quantitative method by distributing a schedule to 108 beneficiaries representing from four districts in Andhra Pradesh State. The data analyzed by using statistical techniques such as mean and percentages to assess the impact of the ManabadiNadu-Nedu/Education. Main Findings: MANA-BADI project is intended to develop with a provision for up-gradation of schools as model schools for the benefit of the students in rural and semi-urban areas in A.P. Majority of the respondents are aware of the manabadi /Education (nadu-nedu) program a,and everybody knows the activities being implemented by the government of A.P and are positively responded. Application of the Study: The findings of the study are useful for the government in implementing the navaratnalu in the state. As education has increased the self-confidence level among the students of primary, higher, technical knowledge, the state of Andhra Pradesh, which is developing fast in almost all areas people to be educated so that they become part and parcel of development. Novelty / Originality of the Study: The impact of navaratnalu (Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education) has been addressed categorically, empowering the manabadi-Nadu nedu. Therefore, a determined plan of implementation of further action can significantly allow the manabadi / Education (nadunedu)


Introduction
Andhra Pradesh ranks as the 8th largest State in the country with 13 districts and with a geographical area of 1,62,970 Sq Km, Situated in a tropical region, the state has the 2nd longest coastline in the country with a length of 974 km. In terms of population, Andhra Pradesh is the tenth largest state in the country, accounting for 4.10 percent of the total population of the country, as per the 2011 Census. The decadal growth of people rose from 18.88 percent during 1961-71 to 21.13percent during 1981-91. Subsequently, a significant decline was observed in the rate of growth of the community, and decay is even more prominent at 9.21percent during 2001-11, lower than the All-India's growth rate of 17.70 percent. The sex ratio in the state was up from 983 in 2001 to 997 in 2011 and is higher than all India figure of 943.

School Education
Steps are being taken up to ensure 100 percent access in Education. Strengthening existing schools, introducing English Medium Education from 2020-21, Implementing the Jagananna Ammavodi, Student Kit, Naadu Nedu, and other types of educational facilities in small and un-served habitations are some of the strategies implemented for Universalization of Elementary Education.
Enrolment in all types of schools in the state during 2019-20 was 72.74 Lakhs, of which 37.95 Lakhs (52.17 %) are in I-V classes, 21.37 Lakhs (29.38%) in VI-VIII classes and 13.42 Lakhs (18.45%) in IX-X classes.
Under the Jagananna Amma Vodi scheme, as on 27-01-2020, 42.33 lakh mothers/ guardians have been identified as eligible and bills processed for transfer of the amount to all their bank accounts. An amount of Rs. 6,336.45 Crore has been transferred to the bank accounts of 42,24,302 eligible mothers/ guardians, and the transfer failed in 8796 reports. 36.88 lakh children are covered under the Mid-Day Meal scheme during 2019-20, out of which 18.14 lakh are in Primary, including NCLP, 11.48 lakh in Upper Primary and 7.26 lakh children in High schools in the state. The new menu was introduced by the government in Mid-Day Meal from 21.01.2020 for school children.
The government has issued orders for converting all classes from I to VI in Primary, Upper Primary, High Schools into English Medium from the academic year 2020-21, and gradually increasing each further quality from the next consequent academic years. 21.96 lakhs of students from Class I to VI in Govt. managed schools, including aided schools, will move into the fold of Medium English education during 2020-21.
The Govt. has planned to strengthen the infrastructure and transform the existing infrastructure of the schools in a mission mode and a phased manner over three years from 2019-20. In the first year, 15715 schools shall be taken up. The Priority of Facilities to be taken up under Mana Badi Naadu-Nedu are toilets with running water, electrification with fans and tube lights, drinking water supply, furniture for students and staff, painting to school, major and minor repairs, green chalkboards, English labs and compound walls.
Laboratories are introduced in all Govt. Junior Colleges. The government is reimbursing the tuition fee full for students pursing Post Metric Courses, and the programs will be strengthened under the Navaratnalu.

Collegiate Education
There are 151 Government degree colleges and 137 Private aided colleges with 2,10,032 students (91,086 -GDCs+ 1,18,946 Pvt. Aided Colleges) functioning in the state offering UG & PG courses. The government introduced market-oriented courses through the UGC scheme of restructuring to help students find immediate employment after graduation. The government is reimbursing the tuition fee full for students pursuing Post Metric Courses, and the programs will be strengthened under the Navaratnalu.

Technical Education
There are

Government Initiatives
Individual stories are being prepared on government's initiatives like "Amma Vodi, Fee reimbursement, YSR Raitu Bharosa, YSR Pensions, YSR Asara, Pedalandariki Illu, Madya Nishedam, Jalayagnam and Aarogyasri" and some of these have been transmitted through SAPIENT channels. Nine Navaratna welfare schemes are mentioned hereunder:

Amma Vodi
To encourage families with school-going children, the YSRCP promises to provide Rs 15,000 towards assistance to all mothers under the Ammavodi program who send their children to school. This scheme is aimed to help the students every month financially. Students from Class I to Class V will be given Rs 500. Those studying in Classes VI to X will be given Rs 750, while Intermediate students will get Rs 1000 a month.

Fee Reimbursement
The party, if elected to power, plans to provide a comprehensive fee reimbursement scheme, in line with late Chief Minister Dr. YS Rajasekhara Reddy's vision. In addition to complete fee reimbursement, an allowance of Rs 20,000 would be given to every student. A total of Rs 1 to 1.5 lakh would be spent on each student's education. The scheme, which was introduced by late YSR, will be brought back to its former glory. The knowledge of the poorest of the poor will be funded by the government so that the students would be able to pursue their higher education dreams. Annually, Rs 20,000 will be given to students for their necessities.

YSR Rythu Bharosa
The present government promises to offer financial assistance of Rs 50,000 to farmers. In the second year, each farmer's family would be given Rs 13,500 per year, in addition to zero-interest loans and free bore-wells. A calamity relief fund of Rs 4,000 crore, 9 hours free electricity during the day, cold storage units, and food processing centers in every constituency are among a list of benefits promised to farmers. As many as 66 lakh small and marginal farmers holding less than 5 acres of land will be given Rs 67,500 each. Every year, Rs 13,500 will be given to the farmers in May and other months. Besides, a price stabilization fund with an outlay of Rs 3,000 crores would be set up so that farmers can get the Minimum Support Price. A Calamity Relief Fund of Rs 2,000 crores will be set up for areas perennially hit by drought and floods. A total of Rs 33,000 crores will be allocated to the farmers via this scheme. The money will be given directly to the farmers.
The "YSR Rythu Bharosa" Scheme is completed in the state from October 15th, 2019 will help the farming community in a big way. The government has provided financial assistance to the farmer families @ Rs. 13,500/-per year, including Tenant farmers across the state. The Government has taken up a new initiative to extend Interest-free loans to all the farmers who avail crop loans during 2019-20.
In a landmark decision, the new government in the state has decided to facilitate "Crop Insurance Premium payment by the government itself instead of farmers for the entire notified area," setting standards for the new generation of welfare-oriented reforms.
The government is committed to ending the distress among farmers and decided to constitute 'State Agriculture Mission' as a Policy advisory body to address the issues of farmers and to have better coordination among the sectors allied to agriculture. The main aim of the Mission is to overcome the challenges in producing quality and timely services to the farming community and also look into all aspects of marketing, production, and pricing of Agriculture and Horticultural commodities to mitigate the agrarian issues.

Arogyasri
The Arogyasri scheme would apply to all medical procedures of above Rs 1,000. Regardless of the place of the hospital, all medical payments would be borne by the government. Strengthening the Arogyasri program is a priority for YS Jagan. If the head of the house has debilitating health issues, the government will financially help the family sustain itself. Also, payments would be given to patients suffering from kidney diseases.
The government is committed to ensuring access for all to the government hospitals. Maternal health care, child health care, and family welfare services are produced through 7458 Sub-centers, 1148 Primary Health Centers, 198 Community Health Centers, 28 Area Hospitals, 14 District Hospitals, 3 Mother, and Child Health Centres. The expected Crude Birth rate, Crude Death rate, and Infant Mortality Rates for the year 2017 in the state are 16.2, 7.2, and 32 respectively while it is 20.2, 6.3, and 33 for All India (as per Sample Registration System, bulletin May 2019).

Jalayagnam
Under this scheme, lakhs of families would be benefited by irrigation projects. Conclusion of the Polavaram project on a war footing is one of the priorities under Jalayagnam. Hon'ble CM has assured the people of AP that irrigation projects, including Polavaram, Pattiseema, Galeru Nagari, Handrail Neeva, Veligonda, Purushothapatnam, and Uttarandhra Sujala Sravanthi, would be completed in a phased manner.

Ban on Alcohol
The YSRCP promises to put in place a ban on the sale of alcohol across the State in three stages. Prohibition would be implemented in three phases. In the first phase, the government will reduce the number of liquor shops and create awareness through mass media campaigns. In the second phase, the rates will be increased so that liquor becomes unaffordable to the poor and the middle-class. In the third phase, alcohol will be made available only in Three and Five Star hotels.

YSR Asara
All loans about the women's co-operative societies would be waived. Also, zero-interest credits would be issued. Payment of interest amount on mortgages up to Rs 50,000 would be borne by the government. An amount of Rs 15000 crore would be allocated for the 89 lakh DWCRA women in the state, DWCRA Loan waiver will be implemented in four phases. Women would be given loans at Zero interest. The money would be deposited directly into the women's accounts.
Through YSR Cheyutha, the YSRCP intends to support all women from SC, ST, BC and minority communities, who are aged over 45. This would amount to Rs 75,000 per woman from these communities over four years.

Pedhalandariki Illu
In five years, the YSRCP promises to build 25 lakh houses for the poor. Permanent homes to the homeless poor will be built over five years and registered in the name of the woman of the household. The government will also take the initiative of providing an additional loan facility through banks at 0.25 paisa interest.
As many as 25 lakh houses will be constructed for low-income families in the state. Registrations will be done in the name of women of the household. If the poor need money, they can mortgage the home for zero-interest loans.

Pension Pempu
The eligibility age criteria of 65 years for the pensions would be reduced to 60 years. Senior citizens aged above 60 would be given Rs 2,000 while the physically challenged would be granted a premium of Rs 3,000.
The pension amount will be increased to Rs 2000 per month from the current Rs 1000 and will be given to all eligible sections of the community without any prejudice.
The government has recognized the importance of maintaining high economic growth and as an imperative for sustained development by adopting innovative policies. Besides continuing the focus on Agriculture, Industries, and Services sectors, the government is committed to giving special thrust to focus on all the key sub-sectors and provide a big push.

Beneficiaries of Navaratnalu of A.P Government
Navaratnalu is in operation in Andhra Pradesh State from 30th May 2019 to provide various schemes to the beneficiaries viz, farmers, students, mothers, old age persons, auto-walas, weavers community, poor people in FC, SC, ST, Minorities, BCs, and others for better living in the society.
The Government is planning to implement a flagship program, 'Amma Vodi,' as part of Navaratnalu to extend financial help to the mothers who send their children to school. The government is reimbursing the tuition fee full for students pursuing Post Metric Courses, and the programs will be strengthened under the Navaratnalu.

Development of Government Schools in three Phases
The School Education Department, Government of A.P, is spending an amount of Rs.10,000 crores on Manabadi /government schools to cover all 44,512 schools in Andhra Pradesh in three phases. The first phase includes 15,715 Schools to meet the expenditure of Rs.3,832 crores. The primary purpose of the development of government schools is to strengthen not only the quality of education but also to create a conducive environment in the government school premises. The government has formed various committees at different levels to check whether the schemes are reaching to the people or not. If the programs are not grasping, what is the strategy that the government would take steps to overcome those issues? A voluntary system with more than 4 lakh educated youth was recruited, and these are working at the grass-root level to extend all government benefits to needy people. All volunteers are monitoring the grass-root level programs every day and report to the concerned from time to time. It is an instrumental network designed by the state government, particularly the Hon'ble Chief Minister of A.P, and other states and other countries also appreciated the innovative idea. All volunteers are done good work in COVID-19 pandemic and other government programs.

Facilities provided for schools by the state government
The School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, is providing different infrastructure facilities such as English Labs, Toilets (running water), Electricity, Fans, Tubeless, Drinking Water, Tables, Chairs, School Painting, Blackboards, Compound wall, Repairs and Construction of additional classrooms if necessary and capacity building of the Teachers for effective teaching to improve the quality of education to the students.

Review of Literature
Suresh babu S, Dr et al. (2014) conducted a study in school development activities. The overall status of infrastructural facilities of Model Schools (MRGs) provided in the district is at a satisfactory level; all the schools have 3/4th of facilities mentioned in the observation schedule. The facilities considered for the study are potable water, toilet facilities, compound wall, school garden, sports materials, school cleanliness, school learning environment, and Quality of mid-day meals. As per the ranking given for the facilities available in the schools surveyed, Hyderabad district stood first, then followed by Nizamabad, Medak, Rangareddy, Warangal, Mahboobnagar, and Adilabad district stood last. It is expected that the Model Schools conduct certain school activities and innovative activities for all-round development of the child. The activities are children's diary, children school cabinets, wall magazines, honesty box, and Post box, Child portfolios', Anecdotal records, Weather Report, Compost pit, School zone as an ecozone, observation of National and International days, Literary activities, Exhibitions and Melas and SMC meetings.
About the professional preparation of the teachers in the model schools, the activities such as preparation of lesson plan, teachers diary, preparation of Teaching Learning Material (TLM), and use of TLM in the classroom, it is noticed that the MRGs are undertaking 3/4th activities. It is a good sign that the professional preparation in Model schools is visible in the schools. However, still, the efforts have to be made without exception that all the Model Schools have to make serious efforts in lesson plan preparation or teachers' diary and development of TLM.
Since it is a new program, adequate studies are not available on the navaratnalu -manabadi program (nadu-nedu) in Andhra Pradesh.

Need for the Study
Navaratnalu is in operation in Andhra Pradesh State from 30th May 2019 to provide various schemes to the beneficiaries viz, farmers, students, mothers, old age persons, auto-walas, weavers community, poor people in OC, SC, ST, Minorities, BCs, and others for better living in the society. The purpose of one Programme of Navaratnalu is to provide infrastructure facilities for all government schools on far with corporate schools and capacity building of the teachers to improve the quality of education in the state. The state government is spending a considerable amount on Manabadi to strengthen not only the quality of education but also to create a conducive environment in the school premises. The government has formed various committees to monitor and check whether the schemes are reaching to the people or not. No studies have been attempted to understand its impact on one program of Navaratnalu in A.P state. Therefore, the present study "Impact of Navaratnalu on Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu / Education in A.P was undertaken.

Operational Definitions of the Terms used in the Study
Impact: Impact is defined as the change that occurs as a result of facilities provided by the school education department to every school. Navaratnalu: It is a program launched by the Government of AP to provide nine useful programs designed by the government for the benefit of the people, particularly SC, ST, BC, Minority, and others.
Manabadi: It means that this is our school to develop the same in all aspects, creating a wonderful environment in every school.
Nadu-Nedu: It means an earlier period and present period

Objectives of the Study
• To examine the impact of Navaratnalu on MANA BADI-NADU-NEDU /Education in Andhra Pradesh • To suggest policy implications for the implementation of Navaratnalu on MANA BADI-NADU-NEDU /Education in AP.

Limitations of the Study
The following are the limitations of the study: • The study is limited to four districts of Andhra Pradesh • The sample of the study are Students, Mothers, Teachers, Volunteers, and others

Methodology
This empirical research study was adopted a quantitative method by asking questions based on the objectives and covered 108 respondents viz, students, mothers, teachers, volunteers, and others in 4 districts of Prakasam, Nellore, Chittoor and YSR Kadapa of And hra Pradesh State. Simple Random sampling technique was employed in the selection of samples. The study was employed in both primary and secondary sources for the collection of relevant data. The relevant secondary sources are also taken for this research study from journals, books, magazines, and online sources. The data was collected from the respondents through the survey method. The tool consists of two parts; the first part deals with activities relating to the impact of Navaratnalu in AP state, and the second part about suggestions/policy implications on the process of program implementation.

Data Analysis and Interpretation
The collected data were analyzed based on the objectives of the study and interpreted as follows. The percentages were calculated for interpreting the data. Accordingly, the conclusions are drawn, and the recommendations are offered.
Demographic variables such as Sex, Age, and Marital status of the beneficiaries of Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu / Education are given below. Age-wise information of neo-literates is provided in Table no-1.  Table 1 shows that 38 percent of the respondents were between 31-40 age; 30 percent of the respondents belong to the 21-30 age group; 18 percent of the respondents were 41-50 age and 11-20 age group. The majority of the age group were students.  Table 2 shows that 65 percent of the respondents were unmarried, and 35 percent of the respondents were married.  Table 3 shows that 47 percent of the respondents belong to mothers,18 percent of the respondents belong to teachers, and 14 of the respondents were students.

Objective-1: To examine the impact of Navaratnalu on Mana Badi NADU-NEDU / Education in Andhra Pradesh
To realize the purpose, the state government is spending a massive amount on Manabadi to strengthen not only the quality of education but also to create a conducive environment in the school premises to attractive the students to government schools.  Table 4 shows that 100 percent opined relating to the Amma Vadi scheme, i.e., govt. Is providing 15000 / to mothers for sending their children to schools, and the government is providing facilities that are useful to the students. Almost all respondents were aware of all the above items mentioned in table no 4. 91.3 percent of the respondents opined positively, and 8.7 percent were unfavorable.

Findings
MANA-BADI project is intended to develop with a provision for up-gradation of schools as model schools for the benefit of the students in rural and semi-urban areas in A.P • 38 percent of the respondents were between 31-40 age, 30 percent of the respondents belong to the 21-30 age, 18 percent of the respondents were 41-50 age, and 14 percent of the respondents were 11-20 age group. The majority of the age group were students. All age groups are happy about the facilities provided by the state government to make them model schools for creating a conducive environment in every school. • 65 percent of the respondents were unmarried, and 35 percent of the respondents were married. The majority of the participants were satisfied with the facilities provided by the state government. • 47 percent of the respondents belong to mothers, 18 percent of the respondents belong to teachers, and 14 of the respondents were students. All respondents felt happy, particularly mothers, and students have expressed their feelings with local teachers. The latter are developing schools with modern equipment with the support of the school education department. • 100 percent of respondents opined relating to the Ammavadi scheme, i.e., the government is providing Rs. 15,000 to mothers for sending their children to schools. Almost all respondents were aware of all items supplied by the government. • As education has increased self-confidence level among the students of primary, higher, technical knowledge, the state like Andhra Pradesh, which is developing fast in almost all areas people to be educated so that they become part and parcel of development.

Objective-2: To suggest policy implications in the process of implementation of Navaratnalu in Andhra Pradesh Policy Implications
The following are the policy implications for better implementation of Navaratnalu-MANA-BADI/Education in Andhra Pradesh.
• Books for joyful learning: Adequate books of relevant and useful to each school should be arranged for joyful learning and make it as a mini-library.

• Teaching Aids, including Educational CDs:
Adequate attractive teaching aids relating to education and other subjects should be arranged for effective teaching and create the right environment for learning. • Health check-ups: Health check-ups for all students should be arranged in the school campus and also arrange eye check-ups to provide good health to students. • Play equipment: Play equipment viz, flywheel spinner, super dome, playground climber, commercial jungle Zim, etc. should be arranged for each school. • Sports material: Sports material viz, jump ropes, ball badminton, soft wall, tennis, volleyball, handball, and other material for each school should be arranged.

• Computers: Computers and computer Instructors
should be provided to each school to impart computer knowledge to the students. • Greenery: Greenery for complete school should be developed, and the school would be environment friendly. • Capacity building of the teachers: Capacity building for all class teachers should be arranged with subject experts for effective teaching with the help of experts available in the school education department and others. The training would focus not only on subject content but also on other content like soft skills, life skills, moral values, laws, rights, and responsibilities of a citizen and other contemporary issues for the benefit of the students.

Conclusion
An elaborate model of governance comprising of welfare programs based on Navaratnalu were designed by the government such as YSR Raitu Bharosa, YSR Pensions, YSR Asara, AmmaVodi, Pedalandariki Illu, Madya Nishedam, Jalayagnam, and Aarogyasri. As the name suggests, through nine large-scale welfare programs that will percolate to the grassroots, the government plans to offer benefits worth a minimum of Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh per year. Navaratnalu well-planned programs had, in many ways, helped the people. As education has increased the self-confidence level among the students of primary, higher, technical knowledge, the state like Andhra Pradesh, which is developing fast in almost all areas, people should be educated so that they become part and parcel of development. Steps may be taken by the skill development institutions and parents of the students to arrange useful courses for the benefit of the students.