Translation and Adaptation of Thousand and One nights into Tamil

The Thousand and One Nights (also called The Arabian nights) were introduced popularly to Tamil people and got a good response from both Muslims and non-Muslims, so it has been continuously translated into Tamil by different authors for over three centuries. We divided the Tamil translation of Arabian nights two, complete translation and partial translation. Sixteen complete translations and twelve partial translations were made in these three centuries. Some of the complete translations do not cover all stories of Arabian nights. The adaptation can be separated into two. The first one is to extract only the subject matter from Thousand and nights. In this way, there are a lot of short stories and novels were written in Tamil, based on the subject matter of Thousand and nights. Let us take the structure and subject matter of thousands and nights. There is a children novel in Tamil, Mayakkallan by Perisamy Thooran, which adapted the structure and subject matter of Thousand and nights. Mayakkalan, like Thousand and nights, involves many stories within a story and exemplifies magic in the subject matter.

The Thousand and One Nights (Alf laylahwalaylah) is one of the most popular works in world literature and spawn numerous adaptations and imitations. In the modern age, it has been translated into most of the world languages. The very first modern translation was made in French by Antoine Gallandin 1717, subsequentlytranslated into major languages of the world, English, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, etc., and which these tales transcend cultural and linguistic boundaries. In 1825, P.GanaprakasaMudaliyar, probably from Pondicherry, translated and published the 'Arabian nights Entertainment' in twelve volumes, which had the English and Tamil version in a parallel column. This probably was the first work in Tamil related to the Arabic and Islamic countries by a Tamil, though the author was not a Tamil Muslim (J.B.More,2004). After this several translations was done by Muslims and non-Muslims.
The Thousand and One Nights (also called The Arabian nights) was introduced popularly to Tamil peoples and got a good response from both Muslims and non-Muslims, so it continuously translating into Tamil by different authors for over three centuries. We divided the Tamil translation of Arabian nights as two,completetranslation, and partial translation. Sixteen complete translations and twelve partial translations were made in these three centuries. Some of the complete translations do not cover all stories of Arabian nights. Most of the readings did not mention the original text, which text was used and followed. So we confused the translation is made directly from Arabic or through English. The translators of Arabian nights in Tamilmostly from upper-middle-class like Desikar, Mudaliyar, Pillai, and Naidu. These classes are educated from the middle of the nineteenth century, and they were introduced to world literature through English. The upper-class Brahmins already educated and introduced to world literature, but they didn't do translate the Arabian nights, why it is an Islamic literary piece. At the same time, the publisher also interested to publish the Arabian nights; they published it without the name of the author(s) and did not awareness in translation.

Children's Literature
Children's stories start from the folk stories in Tamil. There were stories like the Madurai veeran story, Kaathavarayan story, etc., popular among people. Later, Vikramaadityan stories, Thenaliraaman stories, Eesop stories, and Alibaba,Alaudin, Sindubad are Arabian stories that came to Tamil. Among the children's stories, those who came from Arabic got its importance. There were many stories in Tamil adapted from A Thousand and one night.
When Tamil children's stories adaptation from thousand and one night, Tamil children received the stories very well. But there was strong opposition among the people as they were of ghost stories and magic stories, were against the real-life situation and also unfit and stepping stone for the intellectual growth of the children. In children's literature of Tamil, particularly in Novels, the influence of thousand and one nights. The characters of Alibaba, Aladin, and Sindbad were separately modified for the children. Quite a large number of stories have been produced in Tamil from Thousand and one night. Where bird and animal take to humans, and also man comes like animal, bird, fish, snake, etc., are some of the magic stories in Tamil. These are just adaptations from a thousand and one night.
Children's novels adaptation of Thousand and one night: This adaptation can be separated into two. The first one is to extract only the subject matter from thousands and nights. In this way, there are a lot of short stories and novels were written in Tamil, based on the subject matter of Thousand and nights. Let us take the structure and subject matter of thousands and nights. There is a children novel in Tamil, Mayakkallan by PerisamyThooran, which adapted the structure and subject matter of Thousand and nights. Mayakkalan, like Thousand and nights, involves many stories within a story and exemplifies magic in the subject matter.
Periasamy Thooran wrote the novel Mayakkallan. He produced a lot of children, stories, and novels. He is an exemplary scholar in Tamil children's literature. He was awarded "Padma vibushan" by the government of India for his writings. One can find the influence of thousands and nights in Mayakkallan. It follows the subject matter and structure of Thousand and nights. This novel is very popular among children. The principal character in this novel is Aathmarangan. He doesn't know his father and mother. Aathmarangan could become in any physical form of his choice. He transforms himself into various forms to reach his parents, who are on the top of the mountain. Mayakkallan is a Necromancer, comes to stop Aathmarangan from climbing the mountain. Now, both Mayakkallan and Aathmarangan agree; according to that if Aathmarangan, when Mayakkallan tells a story, Aathmarangan should not sleep, and if sleep. Aathmarangan would be dropped down. Athmarangan agrees for that. But he sleeps in the middle of the stories of Mayakkallan. so Mayakkallan brings him down to the ground. Aathmaraman's purpose in seeing his parents is unsuccessful. WheneverAathmaranganclaimsmountain, he transforms himself into a new body, and Mayakkallan also starts telling narrating new stories accordingly. Here, magic is found throughout the novel like Thousand and nights. A Thousand and nights strictly followed both subject matter and structure. Within the main story, Aathmarangan, eleven new stories are in chided. The novel is like; many stories are packed inside a big story.

Tamil Cinema
Thousand and one night's influence upon Three Tamil Films. The first one,'Alibaabavum naarpathu thirutarkalum' (Alibaba and forty thieves) it was released on 14.01.1956. The second one, 'Alavudinum arbutha vilakkum' (Alavudin and magic light) it was released on13.04.1979.The third one, 'Sindubad,' thesefilms are influenced by thousand and one night some message and logic.
In Alibaba, thousands and one night like stories with some differences. At the end of Alibaba story in thousand and one night when Markiana kills forty thieves, she pours boiling oil into the tin and kills the thieves. In the Tamil cinema Alibaba, she kills the forty thieves by rolling tin, one by one from the back door of the palace to the running water.

Conclusion
The impact of Arabian night's stories in Tamil is found in different areas like children's novels and cinema. A few characters like Alibaba, Aladin, and Sindbad made big impacts on the Tamil cinema industry and children's literature. These writings in Tamil started only after 1945. It reached the climax stage during . The influence in Tamil novels started in the 1890s, In A.D.1898 (A.H.1318), "Tamirapattanam" was written in Arabuttamil (Tamil wrote in Arabic script), which was adapted from Madinatun Nuhas of Arabian Nights. In the Tamil world, the impact of Arabian nights started through Tamil novel and later influenced into Tamil cinema and children's literature of Tamil. In this way, if we arrange in order of mostly influence of