Cloud-Based E-Governance in India

In the current digital world, the Internet is changing our lives in terms of the way we work, learn, and interact. Cloud Computing has a platform for sharing resources that include infrastructures, software, applications; the cloud is the best way to integrate all departments using e-Governance and business. Many Governments facing critical challenges to maintain pending, unattended documents, reported to the authority, document proof of the statement, law, and order unable to solve over the year. Cloud-based e-governance plays a vital role in solve these issues helping to e-governance services. Citizens easily access government services and provide transparent activities with the help of cloud e-governance applications. This paper discusses cloud computing and cloud-based e-governance in India and to adopt cloud computing in e-Governance applications, challenges and also extended to the usage of cloud-based e-governance.


Introduction
The overwhelming success and the rapid growth of the Internet change our lives, the way we interact, learn and work (Smitha, K.et al, 2012). In recent years cloud computing is one of the most significantly achieved developments in the IT industry which gives a platform to use the application in the form of services which are more scalable, reliable, high performance and relatively low cost as compared to other distributed computing infrastructure (Dash, S., & Pani, S. K, 2016). At the same time, we can notice that the governments are also proactive and are planning new ways of interacting, improving services, optimizing processes, and revitalizing democracy by increasing the IT spend. It aims to deliver more interactive services to citizens and businesses through e-governance (Varshney, R. 2018). Cloud Computing is the latest Information Technology revolution that helps developing countries to implement their E-governance services at a very low cost and provide better services to their citizens (Rastogi. A, 2010) Shanlax International Journal of Management s h a n l a x # S I N C E 1 9 9 0 Johar, A. et al. (2019) Cloud computing offers features like availability and scalability, reliability, fault-tolerance, and an environment to incorporate big data. Although big data workouts much of the present issues, but it still has quiet issues, or we can say some gaps that raise worries and need refinement. Data heterogeneity, security, disaster recovery mechanisms, scalability, privacy, data governance policies, and other challenges are yet to be addressed. Zittrain, J. L.(2019) To understand where digital governance is going, we must take stock of where it's been because the timbre of mainstream thinking around digital governance today is dramatically different than it was when the study of "Internet governance" coalesced in the late 1990s. Clarke, A (2017) Digital Government Units (DGUs) have quickly emerged as a preferred solution for tackling the over-cost and under-performing digital services and lagging digital transformation agendas plaguing today's governments. DGUs represent common machinery of government phenomenon insofar as they all exist at the center of the state and adopt a shared orthodoxy, favoring agile, user-centric design, open-source technologies, pluralistic procurement, data-driven decision-making, horizontal 'platform' based solutions, and a 'delivery-first' ethos.

Cloud Computing
Definition of cloud computing is "it is the use of different services such as software development platform, servers, storage and software through the internet referred as the cloud computing" a Significant distributed computing model guided by economic caution of equilibrium in which isolated, basic, loading stake, a platform in which installations are provided through the internet as requested by overseas customers" (Khandelwal, M., & Saini, H, 2019)  Cloud Computing has become a significant milestone in the development of Information Systems (IS) and a salient IT strategy for governments, due to offering highly -scalable computing resources (Qahwaji, R. S)

List of Cloud Service Providers
There are many Cloud Service providers in the market: 1. Amazon Web Service (AWS) 2. Microsoft Azure 3. Google Cloud Platform 4. IBM Cloud Services 5. Adobe Creative Cloud 6. Kamatera 7. VMware 8. Rackspace 9. Red Hat 10. Salesforce 11. Oracle Cloud 12. SAP 13. Verizon Cloud 14. Navisite 15. Dropbox Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) (Rouse, M, 2020).

Shanlax
International Journal of Management s h a n l a x # S I N C E 1 9 9 0 Cloud-Based E-Governance Cloud computing has become another buzzword after Web 2.0. However, there are dozens of different definitions for cloud computing, and there seems to be no consensus on what a cloud is. On the other hand, cloud computing is not a completely new concept; it has an intricate connection to the relatively new but thirteen-year established grid computing paradigm, and other relevant technologies such as utility computing, cluster computing, and distributed systems in general(I. Foster, Y. Zhao, I. Raicu and S. Lu, 2008) Nowadays, E-government has witnessed widespread adoption in several countries; nonetheless, it's not powerful enough to fulfill the necessities of public services. Therefore the government's demands, considering impacts of knowledge explosion, low potency, and difficulties unitedly. This downside might be solved by applying a cloud computing model to the business method of E-government and building government cloud.

Cloud-Based E-Governance in India
The Government of India is transcending from traditional modus operandi of governance towards technological involvement in the process of governance. Currently, the Government of India is in the transition phase and seamlessly unleashing the power of ICT in governance (Kumar, P. et al. 2020).
In India too, as of now, nearly every state government has its e-Governance model. Cloud computing is now being widely used in e-governance. With the help of the features of Cloud computing, e-Governance operations can be built up as cost-effective technology solutions. They can be geographically distributed to heterogeneous resources, thereby increasing the quality of service to the users. G-cloud (Governance on Cloud) is designed for using Government services. It is not merely enough to set up e-governance models, but its awareness amongst masses is equally important (S. Shibu and A. Naik, 2017) The Government of India has embarked upon an ambitious initiative -"GI Cloud" which has been named as 'MeghRaj' (https://digitalindia.gov. in) MeghRaj (In Sanskrit 'Megh' means Cloud & 'Raj' means King), India's 'Cloud-King' project is a Government of India's initiative to adopt Cloud Computing Technology for e-Governance from December 2013. MeghRaj will be a bridge between various Indian Government departments, different State Government departments, Citizens, business enterprises using the internet, and mobile services. The aim is to reduce time, money, and complexities in day-to-day official processes (

GI Cloud Eco-System Figure 3: GI Cloud Eco-System
Source: https://meity.gov.in/ The GI Cloud eco-system defines eight key actors in the envisaged GI Cloud Environment (as defined under the section 'GI Cloud Architecture').
These actors include the Institutional Set up, Cloud Consumer, Cloud Auditor, Cloud Carrier, Cloud Provider, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Cloud Computing and Cloud Application Owner, and Developer Community. Each of these actors is an entity (a person or an organization) or a community that participates in the eco-system, and has specific roles and performs specific tasks (Akanksha Garg et al., 2016). Here are the initiatives are taken by the government of India to encourage cloud technology acceptance:

E-Gram Panchayat
The cloud model of e-Gram Panchayat depicts a high-level architecture intended to facilitate internal government operations (Priyanka Chaudhari 2019).

NIVARAN -a Grievance Portal Launched on Rail Cloud
NIVARAN-Grievance Portal' is the first IT application to be launched on the Rail Cloud. It is the platform for the resolution of servicerelated grievances of serving and former railway employees. The existing application was hosted on a conventional server; it has been made cloud-ready and being migrated as the first cloud application of Indian Railways. It will save significant revenue, and at the same time, the user experience will also improve (https://news.indianrailways.info)

E-Gov Applications on NIC Cloud Figure 5: E-Gov Applications on NIC Cloud
Shanlax International Journal of Management s h a n l a x # S I N C E 1 9 9 0 Source: https://cloud.gov.in/

Cloud E-Governance Challenges
The initial challenge is the government is losing the management of information. This will be a giant issue as trust may be the first key for the adoption of cloud computing, and since information is kept within the cloud, the govt. must reassure of information protection on a constant level if the info is kept domestically.
Recently, our government has begun to utilize cloud computing architectures, platforms, and applications to deliver services and meet the requirements of their constituents. encompassing the employment of cloud computing area unit several risks that may have major impacts on the knowledge and services supported by this technology Third parties square measure allowed to access sensitive knowledge while not security reinforcement, like multi-factor authentication Lack of policy to enforce audit rules to ensure compliance (McDonald, R., 2020) Computing Performance: Cloud Computing is an on-demand to calculate service and supports multitenancy; therefore, performance mustn't suffer over the acquisition of recent users. The CSP ought to maintain enough resources to serve all the users and any ad-hoc requests.

Governance Solutions for Success
Successful, trendy businesses want these three elements for a good cloud governance answer. First, they have to be able to take a photograph of their existing infrastructure security posture. This may permit them to spot any errors and fix them. They have to attain their compliance to avoid penalties and additional significantly, forestall security breaches. Next, directors have to be compelled to be alerted to changes to their security configuration that would negatively impact their compliance. Finally, they ought to leverage automation to assist fix misconfigurations before they become breaches. With none one amongst those 3 pillars, security is simply temporary.

Conclusion
Government activities are converted to technology to help citizen access transparent and easier. Cloud computing helps to share resources with the help of software, applications. E-Governance using distribution services required a lot an infrastructure, secured storage, with the help of cloud computing applications. Indian government adopting cloud computing in E-Governance application, it helps to increase security, storage infrastructure, and reduce the cost of the platform. Security aspects especially file transfer internally or externally from one network to another network easier and secured with the help of cloud computing. Governance service focus to create and maintain wider and efficient delivery of services to citizen effectively.

Shanlax
International Journal of Management