Shanlax International Journal of Economics

Environmental Endeavors of Corporate Social Responsibility and Firms Performance in Nepalese Companies

2025-12-01T12:51:36+00:00

Purpose: This study explores how corporate social responsibility (CSR) environmental concerns influence firm performance after it became mandatory in Nepal. Methodology: This study employed descriptive and causal research design, utilizing empirical data through a comprehensive questionnaire survey. Of the 186 companies, only 127 contributed. Both descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to conclude the results. Findings: The results showed that CSR environmental endeavours, such as keeping the environment greener (CSR-KEG) and promoting paperless service/product operations (CSR-PPS), positively and significantly influence firm performance. However, the results showed a negative relationship between producing/preferring eco-friendly products, using low-polluting technologies (CSR-PEF), and firm performance, although this was statistically insignificant. Practical Implications: Unlike prior research on corporate social responsibility, these outcomes encourage firm executives to be more concerned with their environmentally friendly products, processes, and management in the future. Originality: This study presents a model for firm executives by exploring how the environmental endeavours of corporate social responsibility enrich firm performance, mainly in the context of Nepal, where limited research has been conducted. Future Research Direction: It is recommended on cross-sections of listed and non-listed companies to ascertain whether analogous results would be reported.

Center-State Fiscal Relations and Educational Equity in Tamil Nadu

2025-12-01T12:51:36+00:00

This study investigates the influence of Center-State fiscal relations on educational equity and quality in Tamil Nadu through a mixed-methods approach. Utilizing government budget data, policy document analysis, and demographic surveys, the research highlights the critical role of state fiscal supplementation amid conditional central funding. Quantitative analysis exposes stark disparities in resource distribution between rural and urban districts and ongoing infrastructural deficits despite increased budgets. Qualitative insights reveal the impacts of delayed central funds on state policy autonomy and curriculum implementation. The study proposes reforms emphasizing flexible fiscal arrangements, decentralized resource management, and enhanced accountability mechanisms to tackle persistent inequities and improve educational outcomes. Tamil Nadu’s case offers valuable lessons for evolving India’s fiscal federalism to support equitable education.

Changes of Consumption Pattern in India Villages: Snippets from The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24

2025-12-01T12:51:36+00:00

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the changes in consumption pattern of Indian villages. The money devoted on food and nonfood items has changed considerably during the study period of 1972-73 and 2023-24. Consumption of cereal has decreased dramatically from 42 percent to five percent. It was observed marginal increase of consuming milk, egg, fish and meat items on food categories. Spending more money on education, health care and durable goods indicates economic development. Income inequality across the Indian villages needs attention of the policy makers. Average monthly per capita consumption expenditure was highest in south zones, and lowest in central zones.

Dynamics of Major Spices in India: An Overview

2025-12-01T12:51:37+00:00

Spices have substantial medicinal value owing to their rich content. There is no better linctus than the ones that come from shrubberies. It’s time we shift to an improved and better lifestyle with our domestic herbs and spices. The top six spices; red chillies, garlic, turmeric, coriander, cumin and black pepper are taken for analysis in this study on the basis of area. This study has studied the growth and instability in area, production and yield of major spices in India from 2011-12 to 2020-21. There was a significant increase in the area of pepper, with a compound annual growth rate of 12.68 percent, followed by cumin at 3.00 percent. There was also a significant increase in the production of Pepper and Garlic at 13.85 percent and 13.66 percent, respectively, and a significant increase in the yield of Coriander and Cumin at 7.69 percent and 7.14 percent, respectively, according to the projected trends in the area, production, and yield of millets using the semi-log function. The Cuddy-Della Valle index provided the best estimations, and instability was found more in the area of pepper (30.71%), followed by coriander (12.61%); production of pepper (24.20%), followed by coriander (21.03%); and yield of pepper (19.72%), followed by coriander (13.34%). This study reveals that the instability was high in the area, production and yield Pepper 52.77 percent, 56.41 percent and 49.64 percent respectively by using Coppock’s instability index. There is more possibility for growing all varieties of spices to promote throughout India, which is desired to blow in years to come.

Kurikalyanam: An Informal Insurance Mechanism

2025-12-01T12:51:37+00:00

The traditional practice of Kurikalyanam, deeply rooted in the Malabar region of Kerala, offers more than just an indigenous microfinance system—it reflects a way of life built on trust, mutual aid, and social cohesion. Unlike modern banking that often burdens borrowers with lifelong debt, Kurikalyanam operates on a simple yet profound principle: communal support without interest or collateral. This study thoughtfully explores how this once-thriving system, also known as Panampayattu, is now fading into obscurity. It is evident that multiple forces are at play here. On one hand, economic transitions like the expansion of formal banking, migration, and rising incomes have reduced the community's dependency on Kurikalyanam. On the other, behavioral shifts such as declining social trust, weakening interpersonal bonds, and the rise of individualism are pulling the practice further into the margins of rural life. That said, the real concern isn’t just the financial aspect—it’s the slow erosion of a community-based safety net that once empowered ordinary villagers to manage life’s major expenses without exploitation. This raises another point: could systems like Kurikalyanam be modernized and institutionalized to meet today’s economic needs while retaining their ethical core? The research, using primary data from 50 participants in Kozhikode’s Vadakara taluk and secondary sources from extensive literature, identifies both the virtues and vulnerabilities of Kurikalyanam. It suggests that reviving this tradition will require not just procedural tweaks but a broader societal shift toward cooperation and shared responsibility. In a world increasingly driven by profit margins, reintroducing such interest-free, trust-based systems might seem utopian. Yet, in my opinion, this is precisely why their regeneration is more necessary than ever.

A Study on the Economic Benefits of E-Vehicle Usage in Kollankoil Village of Erode District

2025-12-01T12:51:37+00:00

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining attention as cleaner and more cost-effective alternatives to traditional petrol vehicles, especially in the face of rising fuel prices and environmental concerns. Developing and developed countries are focusing more on the adaptation of renewable sources such as EV and solar energy. Rural areas were the beginners in the adaptation of resources. The Kollankoil village of Erode district have been chosen for this study. This study aimed to determine the environmental benefits, satisfaction level,s and suggestions for improving the adaptation of EV. The primary data will be collected for this study and the snow ball sampling method will be used. The primary data was collected from 42 respondents in the Kollankoil village, Erode district. The collected data were analysed using basic statistical tools such as percentage, mean, and chi-square method. Result thus, the EV offers a notable environment benefit, many of the respondents were happy to use the E-Vehicles but many of them facing charging problem and other mechanical problems. The government should focus on subsidies, charging areas, and proper knowledge of using renewable energy.

Sustainable Management Practices to Mitigate Oil Spillage on Seashore Andcoastal Areas

2026-01-13T07:35:58+00:00

Oil spills pose serious environmental, economic, and public health challenges, particularly in coastal regions where communities rely on marine resources for their livelihoods. This study examines the impact of an oil spill affecting the coastal settlements of Kattukuppam, Thazhanguppam, Chinnakuppam, EnnoreKuppam, and MugathwaraKuppam in North Chennai. A sample of fishing-dependent households was surveyed to assess the extent of environmental disruption and community-level impacts resulting from oil spills. The findings indicate that the affected population experienced noticeable health complaints, including respiratory discomfort, skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, and eye irritation, primarily due to exposure to contaminated seawater, crude oil residue, chemical dispersants, and fumes. Beyond health impacts, the oil spill significantly affected livelihood activities, particularly fishing and related income-generating occupations, leading to reduced income stability and altered household expenditure patterns. Overall, the results reveal strong interconnections between environmental degradation, public health concerns, and socio-economic vulnerability in coastal communities affected by oil spills. These findings emphasise the need for effective emergency preparedness, community-level health monitoring, compensation frameworks, and sustainable spill response systems. Future research should explore improved prevention strategies and advanced response technologies to manage, reduce, and prevent oil spills while assessing long-term environmental, socioeconomic, and health outcomes.

Remote Work Realities in Post-Covid India: Productivity Without Communication Synergy

2026-01-13T07:40:01+00:00

This study examines the impact of remote work on employee productivity in post-pandemic India and identifies the key enablers and barriers of the work-from-home (WFH) model. Using a descriptive research design and data from 80 respondents across diverse sectors, this study analyzes the influence of communication, motivation, work-life balance, and technological support on overall performance. The findings indicate that employees generally report higher task efficiency, improved work-life balance, and increased flexibility while working remotely. However, challenges persist in areas such as communication effectiveness and lack of face-to-face interaction, which continue to affect teamwork and collaboration. The study concludes that remote work can significantly enhance productivity when supported by strong virtual communication strategies, reliable IT infrastructure, and well-structured performance expectations. Future research should explore longitudinal productivity outcomes, sector-specific differences, and the long-term impact of hybrid work models on employee well-being and organizational effectiveness.

Poverty Landscape in Assam An Overview

2026-01-13T07:44:13+00:00

Poverty can be found in every part of the developing world. Countries with lower levels of development are facing numerous challenges, such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, and lack of progress. Poverty represents a situation characterized by a scarcity of opportunities and disparities in treatment. Assam, a state with a developing economy, faces significant challenges related to poverty. The economy of Assam primarily relies on agriculture and related activities, as around 85 percent of its population resides in rural areas. Through this research researcher try to explore nature of poverty in Assam. In this paper, the researcher main objective is to examine the current state of poverty and its characteristics in Assam. The researcher seeks to analyze the trends in poverty over recent years, as well as the present status of poverty in Assam using secondary data. The researcher also puts emphasis on the disparity between rural and urban poverty in Assam. The findings indicate that rural poverty is more susceptible compared to urban poverty, and Assam consistently experiences a more severe poverty situation than the national average. As the development is an important aspect of todays society, this study also provides a scope of research about reason behind the rural-urban poverty gap as well as reasons of lower development of rural Assam.

An Economic Analysis of Dairy Farming in Ballari District with Special Reference to Siruguppa Taluka

2026-01-13T07:48:58+00:00

The present study titled “An Economic Analysis of Dairy Farming in Ballari District with Special Reference to Siruguppa Taluka” aims to assess the economic viability and socio-economic dimensions of dairy farming in the region. The primary objectives are to assess the income structure, cost components, and overall profitability of dairy farmers in Siruguppa Taluka of Ballari District, identify variations across different categories of farmers, and analyse the socio-economic characteristics of dairy farmers and determine how factors such as education, landholding, herd size, access to credit, veterinary services, and marketing channels influence their dairy farming practices. The study is based on primary data, collected from dairy farmers in selected villages of Siruguppa Taluka using a multi-stage sampling method. The data were analysed using simple statistical tools, such as averages, percentages, and tabular representation, to draw meaningful insights into the economic performance of dairy farming households. The findings indicate that although dairy farming contributes meaningfully to household income, farmers continue to face constraints such as unstable milk prices, high feed costs, inadequate veterinary services, and informal credit reliance. These challenges limit profitability and hinder the potential expansion of dairy activities. The study policy-related suggestions and recommendations introduce price stabilisation mechanisms through cooperatives or government intervention to reduce the impact of fluctuating milk prices. Establish additional milk collection centres in Siruguppa taluka to ensure timely procurement and better bargaining power for farmers. Promote direct marketing platforms and digital payment systems to enhance transparency and reduce dependency on middlemen. Encouraging long-term tie-ups between dairy farmers and the Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) or private dairies for assured procurement is essential. Enhancing these support mechanisms could significantly improve the profitability and sustainability of dairy farming in Siruguppa Taluka and similar rural settings.

Sustainable Health Financing and Resource Allocation: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Households in Mumbai (2022–2025)

2026-01-13T07:33:38+00:00

This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing household health expenditure in Mumbai from 2022 to 2025, emphasising sustainable health financing and equitable resource distribution The regression results, which are based on 494–777 household observations per year, demonstrate that total income continues to be the most significant predictor of health expenditure, suggesting ongoing disparities in healthcare access. Education and household size also show up as important predictors in the post-pandemic era. People who have more education are more likely to know about ways to stay healthy and avoid getting sick, which means they spend more money on medical and wellness services. People in bigger families also tend to spend more of their income on health care because they have more people who depend on them and their medical needs are more varied. The study emphasizes the need for fair and sustainable health financing systems that consider income differences and family structures. It backs policies that promote preventive healthcare through community initiatives and educational programs. These efforts contribute to fair and financially stable urban health systems after the pandemic. Future studies can extend this analysis by comparing urban and rural households or multiple cities, and by incorporating factors such as health insurance use, quality of healthcare services, and access to public health infrastructure to better explain variations in health expenditure.