Shanlax International Journal of Economics

Exploring Trends and Disparities in Goods and Services Tax (GST) Revenue Growth: An In-Depth Analysis of State-Level Data in India

V. A. Chowdappa — 2025-03-01

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India on July 1, 2017, marked a pivotal shift in the country’s indirect tax framework, aiming to establish a unified market and enhance tax compliance standards. The ramifications of GST implementation have resonated throughout India, encompassing significant changes such as the consolidation of various indirect taxes, increased tax revenues, and the challenges associated with aligning tax rates and exemptions. The successful execution of GST necessitates ongoing collaboration and adaptability among stakeholders, including state authorities, businesses, and tax bodies. This study delves into an in-depth analysis of the GST landscape in India, focusing on variations in GST revenue aggregation and examining the state-specific growth patterns of GST revenue across the nation. Utilizing secondary data sources spanning from 2017-18 to 2023-24 sourced from the GST portal and the Reserve Bank of India, the research employs descriptive statistical methods to scrutinize the trajectory and evolution of GST revenue collections in the Indian fiscal realm. The empirical analysis reveals a compelling narrative of GST collections, escalating from 483,730 crores in 2017-18 to a substantial 1,390,610 crores in 2023-24, representing a remarkable growth of approximately 187%. This upward trend signifies the improving efficacy of the GST system, enhanced compliance, and increased economic activities contributing to the tax base. The consistency in annual growth rates underscores the resilience of GST revenue metrics, with states boasting vibrant industrial sectors showcasing the most significant escalations. Despite a decline in GST collections in 2020-21 due to the COVID-19-induced economic slowdown, subsequent years showcased a strong recovery. The analysis highlights the correlation between a state’s economic development and its GST revenue, with states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi consistently leading in GST collections. The disparities in growth rates among states underscore the diverse economic landscapes in the country, depicting challenges and opportunities for enhancing revenue generation and economic growth.

GVCPs in Zimbabwe’s Critical Sectors in the Face of Environmental Pollution and Climate Change: The Case of Agriculture and Mining Sectors

Benhilda Dube — 2025-03-01

This study analyses global value chain participation (GVCP) in Zimbabwe’s two critical sectors of agriculture and mining in the face of environmental pollution and climate change. Mining and agriculture are Zimbabwe’s largest export sectors by value, and the later plays a critical role towards food security. However, the two sectors have potential conflicting interests on land as well as environmental pollution. The study employs the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and ARDL-EC (error correction), to analyse short-run and long-run relationships. The results indicate that, in the short run, lagged GVCP in agriculture exerts positive pressure on GVCP in agriculture by 0.66% at 1% significance level while, climate change (droughts) and pollution (CO2 emissions) exert negative pressure on GVCP in agriculture at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively. This implies that higher returns in the previous period’s participation in global value chain positively influence current levels of GVCP in agriculture while droughts and pollution reduce global value chain participation in agriculture. However, GVCP in mining and population growth did not significantly reduce GVCP in agriculture. Moreover, GVCP in mining and population growth increase transport CO2 emissions both in the short run and long run at 5% and 1% level, respectively. Thus, mining is not environmentally neutral. In the long run, interaction between population growth and mining rents reduce transport CO2 levels at 5% level. This supports the induced investment hypothesis, where increased mining rents facilitate the adoption of cleaner technologies, such as fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles. The study recommends government to raise mineral taxes for those participating in mining and use the revenues to subsidise the agriculture sector. In the agriculture sector, government can remove import tax on agriculture equipment such as irrigation equipment as well as the removal of other restrictions including opening grain price to market forces to increase quality and level of participation. The government should continue enacting and enforcing policies which minimize pollution, such as limits on carbon emissions.

Trend Analysis of Indian Foreign Exchange Reserves after Post COVID-19 Pandemic

D. M. Basavarajaiah — 2025-03-01

India is one of the leading countries for economic growth worldwide, and external trade showed a positive trend in the last quarter of the year. According to the Ministry of Economy and Finance (annual report 2021), there has been a strong correlation between capital flow and the positive growth of FOREX reserves as compared with Asian countries. It is the fourth-largest forex reserve holder in the world as of December 2022. India’s merchandise exports and imports showed a linear relationship and declined during the COVID-19 pandemic hit due to the financial burden, low parity of purchasing power, unemployment, low production performance in the manufacturing companies, higher debt, improper management of the service sector, etc. According to RBI statistics, foreign exchange reserves hovered at US$63.10 billion in the first half of last year. Financial inflation is a scourge in many parts of the world. A necessary analytical study will be necessary for taking the right decision at the right time to control financial inflation at the global level. In this paradigm, the present study will attempt to address the trend of forex and GDP by applying advanced statistical modeling techniques and revisiting financial principles to correlate with real data sets for predicting economic feasibility by 2030. This study will help economists and financial analysts initiate operational research on an empirical basis and also greatly assist in drafting financial policy at the national and global level.

Health Risk of Conventional Farmers: A Case Study of Tamil Nadu, India

M. Chitra — 2025-03-01

Purpose: To investigate,Occupational health risk of farmers exposed to agrochemicals and pesticides in their agricultural activities of Tamil Nadu, India.
Method and Methodology: Descriptive and empirical analysis was done to justify the objectives. Purposive non random sampling method was used to find the sample elements and the study area. Primary data was collected June to July 2024. Sample size was 128 based on the usages of agrochemicals and pesticide during their agricultural activities. Linear Probability model and Chi Square test was used.
Findings: From the field survey, it’s clearly understood that the farmers are using pesticides and agrochemicals and aware about its existing health risk. Hundred percent of respondents pointed out that a pesticide spray is done just before harvesting in case of Grapes for to maintain its yield, colour and quality. There was an inverse relationship of adopting self-preventive measures against the number of times / risk exposures from agrochemicals and pesticides. One unit of increase in age increases the unfavourable opinion on the preference for conventional farming by 0.01475 units. The positive coefficient of 0.7832 arrived for the variable on the number of members in the family indicates that every one unit of member increase in the number of members in the family increases the preference for farming of traditional by 0.7832 units. Similarly, in the case of the variable on the number of earning members, the negative slope coefficient of -0.4541 implies that every one unit of increase in the number of earning members in the family reduces the preference farming activity. It indicates that better healthy peasants in the study area. The tangible self-health issues are cared immediately by both Indian medicines and Allopathic Medicines.
Conclusion: Certainly Farmers in the study area were in the aura of economic returns on investment, who thought of farming as an economic activity. One side Simply profit motivators and other side of the coin caring their health and others. To conclude that,Present and future generation must have (Bio-empathy) the ability to see things from nature’s point view; to understand, respect, and learn from its pattern for their own health status and their soil’s health status.

Performance Analysis of Sorghum in Tamil Nadu

A. Kumudha — 2025-03-01

Sorghum (Jowar) is an important crop for poor, small and marginal farmers in Tamil Nadu. In the production of sorghum, Tamil Nadu ranked 4th in India. The purpose of the study is to observe the trend and instabilities in the area, production and yield of sorghum in Tamil Nadu from 1991-92 to 2021–22 using the simple regression model, the coefficient of variation, the Cuddy Della Valle index and decomposition analysis. The growth analysis specifies that sorghum area has decreased with a compound growth rate of 0.47 percent, production of sorghum has reduced from 552.6 thousand tonnes to 427.21 thousand tonnes and the growth analysis of yield shows that it has increased by 0.37 percent in the overall study period. The results expose that instability in the area in terms of CDVI value was 6.26 percent, the instability in production was 34.67 percent, and instability in yield exposes the highest variability of 22.98 percent in the entire period. Instability in the area in terms of coefficient of variation values was 23.67 percent, in production coefficient of variation was 34.33 percent, and in yield it was 23.09 percent instability in the entire period. It can be resolved that production of sorghum was more unstable in association with yield and area in Tamil Nadu during all sub-periods and the entire period. The entire period analysis tells that the area and yield effects were 140.48 and 98.33, respectively, while the interaction effect was -31.34. According to the study, both area and yield were increased sorghum production of the state.

Factors Affecting Youth Economic Empowerment: The Case of Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Muluken Samuel — 2025-03-01

Nation-building exists as a mandatory approach which relies on youth development exclusively because the strength of forthcoming national development depends completely on youth attunement. Every country bases its future potential on the productive capability of its youth during the current time. Reports from World Bank indicate that youths make up 50 percent of developing world population counting 1.2 billion people within the 15 to twenty-four years age range. Respectively developing countries face both development possibilities and challenges as demonstrated by these statistical data about youth populations. A research investigation of youth economic empowerment took place within Offa Woreda. The study utilized multi-stage sampling to reach 146 participants while applying a semi-structured questionnaire and focus Group Discussion for gathering cross-sectional data. The analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics together with economic empowerment index and binary logit model interpretation. According to the index results not-empowered youths made up 67% of the total sample while the empowered youths comprised 33% which demonstrated a low economic empowerment rate in the study area. The main variables affecting youth economic empowerment within Offa Woreda revealed through the binary logit model consisted of Family size, saving amount, household income, dependency ratio, educational status, business plot, decision making, access to credit, and access to the market which contributed positively to youths economic empowerment. This study confirmed that Family size, saving amount, household income, dependency ratio, educational status, business plot, decision making, access to credit and access to market strongly influence youth economic empowerment yet the youth face considerable disadvantage based on these factors. Among the surveyed youth population 67% lacked empowerment status while empowered youth made up 33% of the total. The levels of youth economic empowerment within the study area proved to be considerably low according to the investigation results. It became essential to give special attention to the entire study area. The expansion of income streams including petty trade and dairy sales together with vegetable production should be pursued as recommendations. A regular adult education program should be strengthened throughout the woreda to serve all the youth who did not attend formal education. The organization should invest in programs that enhance abilities of youth who depend on others for financial help.