A Review on Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Leading to Sustainable Development

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are significant to technological progress due to their versatile characteristics and improved performance over original materials. They are usually created by reducing metal ions into uncharged nanoparticles using harmful agents. Nanoparticles are known for their small size and wide range of applications. However, the synthesis process plays a crucial role in determining their size and properties. Traditional methods for nanoparticle synthesis often rely on harmful chemicals and consume a lot of energy. In contrast, green synthesis provides a sustainable, cost-effective, efficient production and eco-friendly alternative. The green synthesis of nanoparticles holds many potential uses in environmental and biomedical fields. Its main goal is to reduce the use of toxic chemicals. Using biological materials like plants is generally safe. Plants contain reducing and capping agents, which are helpful in this process. Here, we discuss the principles of green chemistry and review how plants mediate the synthesis of nanoparticles and their recent applications. This review also evaluates the latest developments in the green synthesis of nanoparticles like gold (Au NPs), silver (Ag NPs), palladium (Pd NPs), copper (Cu NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) and iron along with its oxide (Fe NPs).