Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research

Sexuality in Sangam Literature: The Male-Female Relationship Status

N Murugesapandian — 2024-04-01

Structured through the two opposites of Akam and Puram, the Sangam literature was designed after the disintegration of the existing matriarchal social system.The structure of the family as depicted in Sangam literature centers on the ethics of sexuality.In Sangam society, sexuality was considered natural. There is no attempt that tends to dismiss it as a crime or lust.Similarly, there is no attempt to centralize sexuality and separate lust from the body into erotic art.The normalization of sex between a man and a woman is found in Sangam literary texts.

முதலெழுத்துகள் முதலெழுத்துக் குறியீடுகள் மூலம் தமிழ் எழுத்துகளைக் கற்பித்தல்: ஓர் ஆய்வு

Mannosh Rama — 2024-04-01

Teaching Tamil letters is the primary teaching method and plan for learning the Tamil Language, as stated in the Malaysian Primary School Tamil Language Curriculum plan. In teaching Tamil letters to first-year students, educators face challenges in countering the difficulties encountered by students in learning Tamil Letters due to the complexities of Tamil grammar. The process of letter introduction as planned in the first-year Tamil textbook and 247 letters in Tamil are the sources of confusion for students and teachers when efficiently learning and teaching Tamil Letters, respectively. Since the Education Ministry of Malaysia introduced the 21st Century Teaching methods, teachers have been urged by the ministry to implement this teaching method in their classrooms. The student-centred learning method is one of the teaching methods of the 21st century. The experts stated that Tamil Language teachers teach letters by approaching the teacher-centred form to their students, where they lead by using the ‘Tamil Nedungakanaku” table, letter memorising method, teaching according to the textbook and teaching through songs. Hence, educators strive to overcome challenges in teaching Tamil letters by incorporating a student-centred learning approach, and they have problems teaching Tamil letters orderly to their students, as found in this study. Due to that, this study explains teaching Tamil Letters through Primary letters and their symbols based on Tolkāppiyam”s Theory of Orthography. Tolkāppiyam has stated that the combination (puṇarcci) between 30 primary letters, also known as the combination between 12 Uyireḻuttu (Vowels) and 18 Meyyeḻuttu (Consonants), will bring out 216 Uyirmey letters with their respective symbols. So, to evaluate this teaching method, this study chose ten first-year Tamil primary school students from Perak state as samples. The samples for this study were selected by using the convenience sampling method. Letter cards and the ‘Tamil Nedungakanaku” table have been used as research tools. This study approached quantitative and qualitative research methods.

Tolkappiya Comparison (Parable) in Sangam Literature

K Sankara Narayanan — 2024-04-01

Tolkappiyam is the first complete grammar book available to us in Tamil. Tolkappiyam is a book with five grammars. Grammar refers toEzhuthu, Chol, Porul, Yappu, and Ani. In TolkappiyaUvamaviyal, Tolkappiyaridentifies 36 Comparison (parables). Tolkappiyar subsumes this parable into four categories namely verb, utilitarian, consonant, and image. This research paper aims to identify and highlight the arrival methods of these 36 comparison (parable)objects mentioned by Tolkappiyar through Sangam literature.

Kalinga Maacon – Review

S.K Shivahaneshan — 2024-04-01

Among the Sri Lankan Tamils, many books on the history of the region have emerged. Texts such as Yalpana Vaipavamalai, Kailaya Malai, Konesar kalvettu, Mattakkalappu Manmiyam, Mattkalappu poorva sarithiram can be cited. Among these books on regional history, the Mattkalappu poorva sarithiram has many specialties.
By whom and when this book was written is not shown in the book. But there are references to Hollander and Kandy kings here and there in the text. With this information, the book may have been written by more than one person during the Dutch period. The Dutch who ruled the coastal areas of Sri Lanka wanted to follow national customs in activities such as tax revenue, administration of justice, administrative positions and general administration of the coast. Through this they hoped to establish smooth administrative relations with the Swadeshi. Because of that, the Yalpana Vaipavamalai was written at the request of the Dutch officials who ruled in northern Sri Lanka at that time. Similarly, the Mattkalappu poorva sarithiram was written at the request of the Eastern authorities. In order to know the culture, customs and traditions of the North East Tamils, it was during the Dutch period that the compilations of the National Customary Law and the Mukkuvar Law were compiled. The Mattakalappu porva sarithiram compiled in this way has many merits. The book is written as containing many legends related to the history of Sri Lankan Tamils. The aborigines presents many historical information such as the original inhabitants called Yaksha, Nagas, the kings of Anuradhapuram and Polanaruva during the early period, important historical events that took place during their time, and the rulers of Eastern Sri Lanka. King Maacon is shown as the epic hero of this book. In the 13th century, he came from Kalinga country with armies and conquered the kingdom of Polanuruva and ruled for more than 70 years. The king had close connections with Eastern Sri Lanka. No direct archaeological evidence is available to confirm the information presented in the book. Therefore, using that book as a source, the researchers have presented ideas about Maacon. However, the inscription found at Trincomalee - Gomarasankatavala has re-read and confirmed the information about Maacon. The research has focused on the views thus presented.

The Relations between Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia in Ancient and Medieval History Period (Historical Review)

Chrisdina Nirojini Mosasrupan — 2024-04-01

Sri Lanka had political, economic, socio-cultural ties with Southeast Asia since the earliest times. Vijayabahu I, Parakramabahu I and Parakramabahu II are associated with a major impact of culture in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Vijayam and Burma. The relations between these countries are examined through reliable evidence. The research question is 'What connections between Sri Lanka and South East Asia at ancient and medieval historic periods?'. Archaeological evidences, and foreign references are important in revealing the history of a society. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to explore the historical relations between Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in ancient and medieval history. Historical research methods are going to be utilized to compile data based on evidence. Primary data for this study are inscriptions, Mahavamsa, The Chulavamsa, The Rajavalya etc. Secondary data are books related to relations of both regions, articles published in journals and information from the web. However, the lack of reliable historical evidence in both areas is a challenge during this study.

Tamils in Southeast Asian Countries and Their Cultural Elements

B Vijayakumar — 2024-04-01

Sangam literature and archeological studies today suggest that the ancient Tamils had trade relations with the western countries like Greece and Latin countries. Similarly, they had maritime communication with East Asian countries. This contact and cultural spread was easy because South East Asian countries are located directly east of Tamil Nadu. The continuous tradition of maritime and seafaring activity has resulted in the spread of the Tamil people over a number of scattered regions. Wherever they have gone they have carried with them their love of language and their social and cultural activities and the continuing attachment to these traditions has kept alive the emotional loyalty to Tamil Nadu from which they originated and made them feel part of an international community linked by the bonds of Tamil culture. This article briefly explains the migration of Tamils in South Eastern countries and the impact of Tamils in those countries.

Bibliography in the Intellectual World

C Velmurugan — 2024-04-01

Library is no exception in today's intellectual world where anything can be accessed instantly, hence all books are becoming computerized. Library bibliographies play an important role in social progress and research because the library's fifth rule of timeliness states that the right information should reach the right reader at the right time. This article describes the bibliography that enables various functions in libraries around the world.

Multifaceted Perspective in ‘Santhana Thoni’

Navin G Ganeson — 2024-04-01

This study is based on the multifaceted view of the collection of Tamil poetry ‘Santhana Thoni’. In ‘Santhana Thoni’ an anthology of Tamil poetry, the poems are classified into six sub-titles. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to examine the multifaceted perspective expressed by the poet in his poetry. This study was carried out in a qualitative approach. The data for this review was handled in a library research approach. This research has been carried out in a descriptive approach using books, research articles, etc. Suitable for this type of library research. A total of five viewpoints have been identified and presented in this study based on a multifaceted perspective.Through this study we can know that there is a multifaceted perspective in the poetry collection ‘Santhana Thoni’.

Remains of Megalithic Culture: Based on Tamil University Museum Evidence

A Raja — 2024-04-01

Archaeologists have defined this period as the Megalithic Age and as they knew the use of iron as the Iron Age because these people built their tombs using large slabs of stone in the Megalithic culture. Megalithic is derived from the Greek word “Mega” means big and “lithic” means stone. Megalithic symbols found in Tamil Nadu are found in different types according to the nature of geography of the respective region. Such cultural symbols have been found in many parts of Tamil Nadu.This article explains about the artifacts that have been discovered, about the Megalithic cultural remains found in the excavations carried out by the Tamil University at Kodumanal, the Graffiti, writing systems, biographical pottery used by the people of that time, the Megalithic cultural artefacts in the Tamil University Museum and its ancient history and biology.

Pathinenkeezhkanakku Books Reference Musical Instruments

Praveena Madhavan — 2024-04-01

References to musical instruments are available in very small quantities in the Pathinen Keezhkanakku texts. There are references to both banyan and percussion music. I don’t know much about the instruments, but we can get a brief picture of them. Here we will examine the instruments mentioned in the poems of the Pathinen Keezhkanakku.

Hale ‘Tamil’ Indentured Labours: Initiation of Colonial Emigration from the Targeted Indian Villages, 1879 – 1922

J Shunmugaraja — 2024-04-01

Fiji is a small island country, situated in the Southern Pacific Ocean.The Fijian group of islands number 250, of which about 80 are inhabited. The first missionaries to arrive in Fiji were from Tonga. On landing in October 1835, they began their work at a time when the political state of Fiji was in formative stage. The annexation of Fiji had been urged by both Australia and England since 1869.In 1873 the Earl of Kimberly commissioned Commodore Goodenough, the squadron of the Australian station and E.L. Layard, then Britian’s Consul in Fiji, to investigate and report on the matter. On10 October 1874, the mission was completely successful and the sovereignty of the islands was ceded to the British Crown by the Cakobau, the Chief of Bau, Maafu, the Head of the confederacy and the other principal chiefs, in a deed of cession signed. A charter was shortly afterwards issued by Queen Victoria creating the islands as a Crown Colony and for providing a Government of the Empire there. The emigration of Indians into Fiji commenced in 1879. The campaign against slavery and its eventual abolition in Europe coincided with the ruin of Indian peasantry and the overwhelmingly redundant wage labour available in India by the first quarter of 19th century prompted the European planters to consider India, a favourable recruiting ground for their required plantation labour.The British colonizers had established sugarcane plantations in the island. For the non-availability of the local labourers for doing the manual labour in the plantations they approached the British Indian government for availing cheap labour force. The Colonial Government of India accepted their demand and through the Act XXI of 1883 included the Fiji legally into other countries for the Indian labourers emigration. The objective of this paper is to study the emigration of labour from (India) Madras Presidency to Fiji in the 19th and 20th century. There are three sections in this narrative account. The first and second sections of the paper deals with the issues regarding the Acts which were used for governing the emigration of Indian Indentured Labours from India to Fiji Islands, experiments of introduction of new Indian Indentured Labourers and the establishment of new larger Sugarcane Plantations and Factories with huge capitals on the Fiji Islands. The final section narrates theplightfulstories of recruitment of Tamil Indentured Labours from Madras Presidency to Fiji Islands and their painful working conditions in the plantations.

Comparative Study of Tamilnadu Thappattam and Eastern Sri Lanka’s Parai Mela Koothu

Paramadevan Thakshayini — 2024-04-01

The eastern region of nature is a vast expanse of land. At present it consists of only three districts namely Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara.The people are still identified as a significant ancestral community. The people are still identified as a significant ancestral community. The early 5th century A.D. or early 6th century A.D. marks their early history here.In the settlement of South Indian communities established twice when Kalinga princess Ulaganachi was a vassal queen of Manmunai in Batticaloa; The Paraiyar clan is one of the seventeen categories of professional society. These communities were included in the Batticaloa area which was merged into the Tholumbar division in the Jaffna area.
“Valruvam thotti notti vanchana kshatriya
Don’t be sorry to be happy
Purantakulam mixed with life will decrease
Thullavar Kalinga Magon Duke has also regretted.”
These people gave the name Valruvam. During this time, the leader of the Paraiyar community known as Moopanar performed in front of the Maha Sabha and received their kanji mutti and received their family title Rajaparai from the President of the Maha Sabha. This koothu is performed during the festivals of Sakthi temple in Kannagikovil.Similarly in Thanjavur, Dindigul and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu, Thappattam is played in large numbers. Thappu is the dance of adavus by holding a long stick with the left hand and a small stick with the right hand and playing the adavus by beating cymbals. Though Tamilagatha Pattam is generally known as the dance art of the Paraiyar people, Arunnathi artistes can also be seen dancing in some places. Therefore, this study is based on history, culture and game patterns.

Development of the Veena

S Swaminathan — 2024-04-01

In the 64 Ayakalas, music is regarded as one of the fine arts. It has the power to harmonize. Music has caste and religion. There is no racial discrimination. It has the power to unite people of all religions. Music has been integral to human life since the beginning of the world. That is, man travels as a lullaby at birth and with the way of life, child songs, ritual songs, business songs, love songs, philosophical songs, devotional songs and finally lamentations. Musical instruments have been instrumental in the development of this distinct musical art. There are innumerable instruments in South Indian music. These instruments are classified as nerve instruments, leather instruments, wind instruments and metal instruments. All these instruments have evolved over time in terms of their shape and readability. One of the stringed instruments, the Veena, which has a divine significance, has also undergone many stages of development even today. This article is presented under the heading “Development of the Veena”.

Efforts to Preserve Arabic Tamil: A Study Focusing on Selected Regions in the Southern and Western Provinces of Sri Lanka

ACM Aathif — 2024-04-01

Arabic Tamil is a language that reflects the antiquity of the Tamil-speaking Muslims of Sri Lanka and South India. However, the language is now on the verge of extinction. Therefore, this study has been carried out using primary and quantitative data at qualitative and quantitative levels with the primary objective of finding out what efforts are being made in selected villages in the Western and Southern Provinces to preserve and preserve the language. Arabic Tamil is taught in Arabic Colleges and Quran Madrasas while examinations are not conducted in Arabic Tamil in Arabic Colleges, the deed of Bai’ah is issued in Arabic Tamil in writing, ‘Risalas’ are drawn in Arabic Tamil. The findings of this study are that Arabic Tamil is still alive due to the efforts of the public to exhibit them in mosques for public viewing, both of them are read in mosques when the public gathers, and the publication of old Arabic Tamil literature in modernized typescripts. This study will also help in further research on Arabic Tamil to understand the importance of Arabic Tamil and to identify measures to protect it.

Novels Shed Light on Historical Mysteries

V Swarnalatha — 2024-04-01

Novels bring out history with evidence. After Kumari Kandam plunged into the sea, the Pandyas from there migrated to Kapadapuram. The accounts of other linguists suggest that there must have been a very special civilization at Kapadapuram. There is no evidence in history of the existence of a group called ‘Kapalika’ during the Sangam Age, Sangam Maruviya period or the early Pallava period. History can be traced through novels.

Flowers in the Life of the People in Akananuru

P Kalaiselvan — 2024-04-01

The life of Tamils is in harmony with nature. Sangam literature is a great repository of Tamil culture. Akananuru, one of the works of Sangam literature, is rich in unlimited natural resources. Trees, plants, creepers and flowers are found in most of the poems in descriptions of nature. The most important of the descriptions of nature is the flowers. The fragrance of these flowers attracts everyone. In the poems of the Ahananuru we find the natural fragrance of the flowers, their uses, the seasons in which they bloom and the women who adorned the flowers on their heads.

Religious Cultures of Sangam Literature in Silappathikaram

A Boopalan — 2024-04-01

The ancient Tamils worshipped Seyon in Kurinji, Mayon in Mullai, Indra in Marutham, Varunan in Neithal, Kotravai in Paalai and participated in the worship of the deities with unity. There was a belief in God, but there was no division among the people according to the deity they worshipped.

Personality Thoughts in Thirukkural

B singaravelan — 2024-04-01

Madurai Thirukkural Manimozhiyan, who praises Thiruvalluvar as “Thamizhan Thirukulam Thamizh Thaai Thiruvazhil Thamizh Thiruvalluvanar – Kiliye Thamizh Piranthaaraadi” – says Madurai Thirukkural Manimozhiyan. Bharathiar, the great poet of the twentieth century, endorses this. As Prof. Thaninayagadigal puts it, “Valluvar has written his book in a manner that is suitable for the benefit of all the world and all people, without any reference to Tamil or Tamil country. The poet who lived centuries ago did not give place to narrow thoughts like caste, religion, race, language, color etc. Valluvam is celebrated as Ulagapodumarai. Let us see the personality thoughts in this book.

Marginal View of Vakaraivedar Community: An Anthropological Study

Bhagirathi moses — 2024-06-12

Batticaloa district of Sri Lanka is a region of different ethnic groups. Among them, the hunter community is considered to be the primitive tribe. The community lives in groups in some parts of Batticaloa. There are 764 hunter families in 12 villages of Mankerni, Kayankerni, Panichchankerni, Madurangenikkulam, Kirimichai, Uriyankattu, Kathiraveli, Katumurivu, Amanthanaveli, Palchenai, Kandaladi and Punanai with 2757 Veddar families. Tamil people live here predominantly. The hunter community lives in isolation and mingle with them. In the social hierarchy, the hunters are seen as the downtrodden, the oppressed or the marginalized. In this region, the Veddar community continues to be seen as a group of people who dominate or dominate the political, economic, religious and educational fronts or the rest as the upper class. Due to this continuous trend, the community has to face many adverse implications. As a result, their future is at stake. In such a situation, this study is an anthropological study of the impact of the ancient community of the Veddar community being seen as a marginalized people.

Feminist Thoughts in the Works of Manikodi P. S. Ramaiah

T Paulraj — 2024-04-01

Manikodi magazine was one of the magazines that appeared during the liberation period. This magazine was founded by Indian freedom fighters like K.Srinivasan, V.Ramasamy and T.S.Chockalingam. K. Srinivasan was the Editor-in-Chief and wrote messages related to liberation and liberation sentiments. This magazine was published as a short story, poem and voice of the freedom struggle which was later transformed into a short story magazine. Newspapers play a major role in the media that supports social change. Manikodi, the national weekly in Tamil literature, sprouted like a morning star in the line of newspapers. It was the first magazine in Tamil to create taste and respect for Tamil literature and it published short stories with cultural values that brought about a change in society. When the editor-in-chief K. Srinivasan got an opportunity to work in Delhi India, he was about to abandon the magazine and P.S. Ramaiah took over the management of the magazine. After P.S. Ramaiah took over, more short stories were featured in Manikodi. Most of the writers of Manikodi short stories have intense patriotism and social consciousness with freedom as their breath. The emancipation of women was also advocated as a wing of the Indian national liberation movement. Manikodi writers who had Bharathiyar as their forerunner wrote short stories on the status of women and reforms for them. V.R., Pudhumaipithan, Chitty, C.S.Chellappa, P.S.Ramaiah, Ku.P.Ra. they also wrote feminist ideas in their works and expressed them to this society through Manikodi.