Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research

Unreciprocated Sexual Love (Kaikilai):- From Tolkappiyam To The Present Time

K. Sankara Narayanan — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Tolkappiyam lists seven agathinai in the porulathikaramagathinaiyiyal. It arranges the agathinai in the order of Kaikkilai, Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, Palai, and Perunthinai. Of these, the five from Kurinji to Palai are called the five agathinai of love. Kaikkilai is called a head love and Perunthinai is called unrequited love. Kai in Kaikkilai means discipline. This word is taken in the sense of boundless, unrequited love that appears only in someone, between a hero and a heroine. The purpose of this article is to present the records related to unreciprocated sexual(Kaikkilai) recorded in Tamil literature and grammars such as Tolkappiyam, Sangam literature, and Silappadhikaram, and to identify and discuss the changes that have occurred in the characteristics of unreciprocated sexual(Kaikkilai)with the passage of time and development.

The One That Transcends the Two -- Avvai’s |Personality -- is a Comparative Perspective

N. Siva — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

There is a global trend that men’s literature is higher in quality, opinion and appreciation than the literature written by women. But it is evident from their literature that women have produced literature that is equal to or even more special than that of men. Therefore, this article tries to analyze the fact that Auvaiyar’s Athichudi and Konrai Vendan, which have one foot, are more direct and close to all people than the two-footed Thirukkural.

Biographical Transcendent Feminist Songs – A Feminist Perspective

S. Venilla — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The title of this research paper is Biobiographical Feminist Songs - A Feminist Perspective. In this research paper, it is investigated how the songs of Sangha literature written by women have raised their voices against the fiery behavior of men who focus on femininity, women’s language and lust. Most feminist poets have recorded their life-long sexual desires in their songs. Tolkappiyam and Sangha literary principles emphasized the position that women should not express their lust and write it down. Inspite of all that, she expressed her true femininity through Sangha literature and recorded the enthusiasm and eloquence of women.

Astronomy in Sangam Literature

K. Gowri — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Science has been one of the fields that has given rise to new forms of discoveries from ancient times to the present day. Astronomy is a component of humanity’s scientific endeavors. The advancement of astronomy has progressed to the point of potentially transforming humans into extraterrestrial beings. The impact of scientific development on individuals is increasing day by day. Modern science has realized the dreams envisioned by the ancient Tamils. It was the Tamils who, as scientific experts, named the days of the week after the nine planets. Even in times when information technology and science were not developed, the Tamils possessed the distinction of having excellent scientific thinking and sophisticated artistic knowledge. Although these pursuits belong to all living beings in the world, they have been systematized and improved by humans and are called science. The purpose of this article is to examine, through Sangam literature, the fact that the ancient Tamils keenly observed and described astronomical events and changes.

Velakkari Naadagam Pesum Penniya Sinthanaigal

J. Devi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The play Velaikkari exposes the social injustices faced by a working-class domestic woman, including economic exploitation, denial of rights, sexual harassment, patriarchy, and class discrimination. The power-driven attitude of the upper class, and the consequent objectification of women’s bodies and labor, form the central theme of the play. Through its female characters, the play foregrounds awareness against women’s oppression, a spirit of resistance, and a sense of self-respect. At the same time, it critically examines the social mindset in which women themselves become adversaries to other women. Annadurai’s reformist ideology, intertwined with feminist thought, strongly emphasizes the values of equality, human rights, and social justice.

Kanagan Puthinam Velipaduthum Samuga Mathippugal

P. Usharani, M. Jasminepriya — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the five-fold classification of land types in Tamil tradition, the Mullai region refers to forests and forest-related areas. The forest is the land of the ancient tribes. The novel ‘Kaanagan’ unfolds with this forest as its setting. The lifestyle and beliefs of the Paliyar people contribute to the narrative’s development. The clan deity of the Paliyar people is Palichiamman. The tiger, a wild animal of the forest, serves as a symbol of Palichiamman’s spirit. The belief of the Paliyar tribe that a cub will come in the form of a golden tiger and kill the hunter who killed its mother, forms the central theme of the novel ‘Kaanagan’. The bravery and downfall of the hunter Thangappan form the central theme of the novel. The emotional conflict between Thangappan and his adopted son, Vasikkum Puli, strengthens the development of the novel’s plot. The novel ‘Kaanagan’ depicts all the problems faced by forestdwelling tribal communities due to urbanization. This article aims to compile and present the social values revealed by this novel, ‘Kaanagan’.

Silambil Ani Nayam

E. Kothandaraman — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tamil, the mother tongue of the Tamil people, is an ancient classical language. The refined beauty that originated along with Tolkappiyam grammar and Tamil literature is subtle yet profound. From the Sangam age onwards, Tamil literary works have been enriched through the use of various aṇi (poetic embellishments). These aṇi add aesthetic charm and artistic elegance to literary creations. A title functions as the gateway to a literary work. It serves as the primary element that attracts the reader. A well-crafted title has the power to arouse curiosity and guide the reader’s mind towards the core theme of the text. It creates a first impression and prepares the reader emotionally and intellectually to enter the literary world of the work. When Aṇi are employed in titles, they enhance beauty, depth, and imaginative appeal. Through devices such as Uvamai Aṇi (simile), Uruvaga Aṇi (metaphor), Tharukkurippēṟṟa Aṇi (personification), and Maṇṇagamandhai, the title itself becomes a poetic expression. Such titles do not merely name the text but elevate it artistically. Therefore, the use of aṇi in titles plays a significant role in increasing the aesthetic value and literary richness of Tamil works. This research paper examines the structure, function, and beauty of aṇi used in titles and analyses their contribution to literary excellence.

Nineteenth Century Orthodox Education System

G. Vijayakumari — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the early nineteenth century, teacher-pupil education was taught. Renowned poets like Accountant, Vidhuwan, Mahavidhuwan, Kavirayar, Navalar etc. taught traditional education system. School system, school teacher, school writing system, memorization system, school institutions, educational learning environment and school curriculum are briefly defined below as how the school curriculum functioned in traditional education.

Valluvathil Ilakiya Azhaku

M. Marthanda Boopathi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The pride of Thirukkural is that it expresses the spirit of its time. It shone with the literary beauty of its time. Due to this, the status quo has improved over time. This is the beauty of literature. Tolkappiyam calls it Vanapu. This article examines this.

Thamizhar Vazhvil Vainavam

H. Malarvizhi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tamil life had attained prosperity more than 2,000 years ago. Their way of life was framed not only as a right for humankind but also as one that embraced all living beings. There have been some among the Tamils who, understanding the true essence of this noble way of life, have sought to convey it to the world so that all may live in happiness. Among the religions evolved and practiced by such Tamils, Saivism and Vaishnavism are the most ancient. The religion that worships Lord Siva as the Supreme Deity is known as Saivism. Likewise, the religion that worships Vishnu, known as Thirumal, as the Supreme Deity is called Vaishnavism. The credit for systematizing these two religious doctrines into philosophical systems belongs to the Tamil people. Based on the philosophical principles of Saivism, Meykandar formulated the philosophical system known as Saiva Siddhanta. Similarly, Ramanuja, taking as his foundation the Nalayira Divya Prabandham—the collection of the sacred hymns of the Alvars—formulated the philosophical doctrine called Vishishtadvaita. An ancient saying that explains the nature of God is, “He exists in the pillar and He exists in the speck.” The Tolkappiyam, the ancient Tamil grammatical treatise, states “Māyōn mēya kāḍurai ulagam,” which indicates that the worship of Thirumal was practiced by the ancient Tamils. The term Māyōn refers to Thirumal of dark complexion. Thirumal is regarded as the primal deity of the Vedas. Vaishnavism is founded on the three fundamental principles of the soul (ātma), matter, and God (Īśvara). It stands as a rich treasury of the Tamil people’s religion, art, literature, culture, and way of life.

Individual Person Change In Vinthan’s Fiction

N. Porselvi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tamil society is a structure that has absorbed many changes. The work of literature is essential for social change. Social change is supportive of the emergence of literature. Literature and society are changing with time. Literature and society adapt to the changes of time. The author infuses ideas that bring about social change into the work. He firmly believes that that idea will bring about a great change in the society. The author sets up social events and problems in literature and creates solutions to those problems in literature. He believes that if people internalize those solutions and act, social change can be brought about. Fiction, one of the literary genres, has a structure that travels closely with people’s lives. Therefore, the social ideas expressed in fiction expand into social change through people. Vinthan’s fictions are structured as a collection that includes individual ideas that bring about social change.

Madurai Kathakannan Padalil Solladachitram

N. Ranjan — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Among Tamil literary works, Sangam literature holds a unique and distinguished place. Among these, Kurunthogai stands out as a prime example of literature that combines simplicity, conciseness, and aesthetic appeal. It would not be an exaggeration to say that it is preeminent among such works, given the abundance of literary nuances found in it. The more widely a work is circulated among the people, the more textual variations it tends to have. This article focuses on examining the 88th poem of Kurunthogai in this context.

The American Muthamizh University Its Origin, Objectives And Constribution – A Historical Study

H. Sandhiyakumari, A. Murugadas — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The American Muthamizh Academy is one of the significant global Tamil institutions established with the aim of promoting Tamil language, literature, culture, and research at an international level. Founded in the United States by Thazhai Ra. Udhayanesan, the Academy has played a major role in integrating Tamil scholarly traditions with global academic frameworks. This thesis attempts to study the origin, objectives, organizational structure,activities, and contributions of the American Muthamizh Academy to Tamil studies. The research highlights the Academy’s importance in preserving Tamil identity among the Tamil diaspora and strengthening Tamil research in the global academic arena.

Kuravanci Literature and the Expression of Navarasa on the Basis of Margi–Desi

J. Shiyamala — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the tradition of Tamil cirrilakkiyam (minor literary forms), Kuravañci literature is generally classified as a Deśi art form. However, the navarasa (nine aesthetic emotions) experience expressed in it is deeply connected to the fundamental aesthetic theories of Mārgi aesthetics. This study examines, within the framework of the dual artistic theories of Margi and Deśi, how the navarasas are generated in Kuravanci literature through the body, language, and milieu. Further, this paper
establishes that the theory of rasa as articulated in the Natyasastra and the Desi expressions of Kuravanci literature are not mutually opposed, but rather function as an integrated aesthetic process. The primary objectives of this study are: to explain the aesthetic foundations of the Margi–Desi art theory; to identify Kuravañci literature as a Desi art form; to examine how the navarasas are expressed organically in Kuravañci literature; and to demonstrate how the Mārgi ideal of rasa is achieved through Deśi expressions. Moreover, this study gains significance by centering Kuravañci within the aesthetic analysis of Tamil minor literary forms and by elucidating the interrelationship among literature, dance, and aesthetics. The research is based on the descriptive analytical method. Treatises of Bharatanatyam such as the Natyasastra and Abhinaya Darpana are used as primary sources, while Kuravanci literary verses, works on Tamil literary history, and modern scholarly Margistudies serve as secondary sources.

Vetanayakampillaiyin Pataippukalil Penniyam

V. Reka — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

For society to prosper and achieve equality, the status of women’s lives must be on par with that of men. The quality of a society, whether it rises or falls, depends on the status of the women living in it. Society is a structure woven from networks of relationships. Among these, gender-based relationships
between men and women are constant. In this, women are seen serving family relationships and improving their educational status. It is understood that Vedanayagam has recorded feminist issues in his works.

Music in Pathinen Keezhkanakku Texts

Thangarasa Kopinath — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

After the Sangam period, called the Post-Sangam period (Sangam-maruviya kālam). The literary works that emerged during this period are collectively known as the Pathinenkeelkanakku Noolkal. The works produced during the Sangam period are called Sangam literature. In the Post-Sangam
period, the literary works exhibit adaptations of and connections with Sangam literature.During the Sangam period, There are two Majar things such as: Akam (Love) and Puram (War) . Within such modes of life, social contradictions and conflicts were inevitable. in order to regulate and rectify these, ethical (Aram) literature emerged. Therefore, the Pathinenkeelkanakku works that arose during the Post-Sangam period are characterized by the concepts of ethics (Aram), morality (Neethi), Akam, and Puram.The objective of this study is to explain the fact that, although numerous ethical literary works emerged during the Post-Sangam period, the presence and functioning of Tamil music during this era remained comparatively limited.the research problem of this study is that, despite ethical concepts occupying a central position in the Post-Sangam period, the perspectives and scholarly attention of Tamil music researchers toward Tamil musical elements of this period are relatively less when compared to other historical periods.The scope of the study is confined to the Tamil musical references found in the Pathinenkeelkanakku texts. This research has been conducted using descriptive and historical research methodologies.the primary sources for the study include the musical references found within the Pathinenkeelkanakku works themselves, while the secondary sources consist of research articles, e-book records, and academic journals.

Social Issues Revealed in the Novel ‘Alam’

L. Peter Paul — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

People living in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, especially the salt-producing ‘Alam’ areas, face social problems. His works highlight the sufferings of the workers, such as poverty and unemployment, as well as the social problems prevailing there, such as caste and economic oppression, gender inequality, and color discrimination. Understanding the problems faced by the lower class people and their mental anguish, the author, Su. Tamilselvi, records his views, standing in support of them.

References to Dance in Devotional Literature

Thushyanthy Juliyan Jeyapragash — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bhakti literature stands as a significant literary tradition that articulates profound spiritual experiences. Within these texts, the relationship between God, the devotee, and the universe is expressed through various artistic forms, among which natyam (dance) or adal (performance) occupies a prominent place. In devotional works such as the Tevaram, Tiruvachakam, Nalayira Divya Prabandham, and the hymns of Andal, references to Shiva’s Tandava, Krishna’s playful līlā dance, and the ecstatic dance of devotees frequently appear as important dance-related motifs. This study explains that the dance-related references found in Bhakti literature are not mere artistic allusions but carry deep philosophical, spiritual, and cultural meanings. Dance functions not only as a physical movement but also as a dialogue between the soul and the Divine, and as a medium for expressing metaphysical truths. The central argument of this research is that natyam in Bhakti literature serves as a powerful spiritual symbol that unites aesthetics, devotion, and philosophy.

Murugan of Kuravar and Skandan Mixed Karthikeyan of Aryas

M. Sundararajan — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The deities identified with the five ecological landscapes (ainthinai) of ancient Tamilakam are, in fact, the earliest ancestors of the respective lands themselves. Kurinji – Seyon / Murugan; Pālai – Kotravai; Mullai – Mayon; Marutham – Vendan; Neithal – Varunan. In the early period, the Kurinji- land Kuravar clans worked in open terrains and later erected nadukal (hero stones), worshipping Seyon (Murugan) as their clan ancestor. Subsequently, temples for Murugan were built on hilltops, and worship continued there. Through the influence they established with kings, Aryan Brahmins took control of these temples. Murugan, who was originally a Tamil deity, was assimilated with the Aryan Skanda, and Skanda-related names such as Subramanian, Arumugan, and Karthikeyan were attributed to him. Murugan’s beloved consort, the Kurava maiden Valli, was reduced to the status of a younger co-wife subordinate to Deivanai, the wife of Skanda. This article has been written to place before the world—especially before Tamils—the true history of Murugan, the manner in which the Aryan-born Skanda was merged with him, and the need to reclaim Murugan and Valli from this degraded condition.

Sanga Kala Penpar Pulavargalin Manithaneyam

M. Mahalakshmi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Humanity of Sangam Feminist Study Summary Feminist poets in Sanga period Tamil literature have expressed humanist ideas with social purpose. This study examines the humanist ideas of poets like Auvaiyar, Kakaipadiniyar, Nachellaiyar etc. based on their songs. Humanity is defined in this study as including elements such as love, compassion, equality, value of life and social responsibility. Feminist poets in Sanga period Tamil literature have expressed humanist ideas with social purpose. This study examines the humanist ideas of poets like Auvaiyar, Kakaipadiniyar, Nachellaiyar etc. Based on their songs. Humanity is defined in this study as including elements such as love, compassion, equality, value of life and social responsibility. In the songs of female poets, human emotions are revealed focusing on life situations such as war, fly, love, etc. When they sing about war, the tragedy of loss of life is highlighted over heroism. It emphasizes the value of human life.
Auwaiyar’s songs advocate social equality and benevolence as hallmarks of humanity. He asserts that wealth and power are impermanent, while virtue and love are permanent. This study reveals not only the personal sentiments of Sangam women poets but also the overall humanistic thought of the society. This study reveals not only the personal sentiments of Sangam women poets but also the overall humanistic thought of the society

Sanga Kaalathil Pengalin Nilayum Pangalippum

M. Jafar Sadiq Ali — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sangam literature stands as a body of works that highlights the greatness and uniqueness of the Tamil language as well as the lifestyle of Tamil society. The moral values and cultural principles followed by the people of the Sangam period continue to serve as guiding models for contemporary society, leading the way toward social and human development. These literary works embody the lofty thoughts of hundreds of learned poets and possess a richness and depth of language that astonish linguists. This study extensively examines women’s education, knowledge, valor, mental strength, leadership qualities, hospitality, and the virtues that women should attain in the future, as reflected during the distinguished Sangam period.

Tamizhiyal Ayvukalum ceyarkai nunnarivum

J. Sampathkumar — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tamil studies have traditionally evolved as a scientific tradition within the boundaries of language, literature, grammar, and history disciplines. However, social transformations, political ideologies, globalization, technological advancements, and media proliferation since the late 20th century have compelled Tamil studies to reorganize itself on new scientific platforms.This research article examines the evolutionary development of Tamil studies through a three-tier framework: traditional Tamil studies – modern Tamil studies – alternative Tamil studies. Furthermore, it elaborates in detail how Artificial Intelligence (AI), in conjunction with alternative forms such as digital Tamil studies, computational Tamil studies, socio-cultural studies, media Tamil studies, and transnational Tamil studies, transforms Tamil studies into a data-driven, predictive, and future-oriented scientific discipline.The study establishes that these alternative forms and AI do not reject tradition; rather, they function as forces that reinterpret tradition and revitalize Tamil studies on the global knowledge platform.

Purananurudu Kanalakum Vazhviyal Sinthanaikal

R. Venkatraghavan, D. David Stanley — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sangam literature to later literary works, ethical concepts were primarily emphasized. Although love life was extensively discussed in Sangam literature, a virtuous life was stressed within that context. The eighteen Kilkanakku texts that emerged after the Sangam period were entirely works of ethics. The Tirukkural beautifully explains what ‘aram’ (virtue/ethics) is, stating that ‘aram’ is that which never changes under any circumstances. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the nature and significance of ethics as emphasized in Purananuru, one of the Tamil literary works.

Tamil Kavacha Literature: An Integrative Study of Devotion, Mantra, and Social Beliefs

G. Sakthivel, K. Sankara Narayanan — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the Tamil literary tradition, Kavacha literature represents a distinctive devotional genre centered on the concepts of protection, divine grace, and psychological consolation. Kavacha hymns, which evolved through major religious traditions such as Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shakta worship, maintain a close relationship with individual psychology and collective social beliefs. These compositions function not only as devotional texts but also as cultural instruments that reinforce faith, mental assurance, and social cohesion. This paper critically examines the origin and development of Tamil Kavacha literature, its literary structure, linguistic style, social function, and its significance as an important area of literary research. Through this multidimensional analysis, the study highlights the unique position of Kavacha literature within the broader framework of Tamil Bhakti literature.

Chennaiyin Varalatril Thiyakaraya Nagar Thotramum Matrum Valarchiyum

M. Nadhiya, D. David Stanley — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

All major cities have long market streets. Historically, streets were separately designated for selling specific items like jewelry, furniture, groceries, toys, and clothes. A significant milestone in the development of T. Nagar was the ability to purchase all goods in one place. This led to the growth of consumer culture, and T. Nagar shines as an icon of commercial enterprise. From its inception until today, this area has undergone numerous changes and renovations, which this article describes.

Pavanar’s Etymology Research Methodology

D. Sivakumar — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Just as the roots of naturally growing trees, plants and vines are hidden in the soil and the seeds and ends of those roots are rare to find, it is also rare to find the roots of a group of words in Tamil language. Tamil is the language of Manthan(man), which is still living as a colloquial and written language after thousands of years. As such the Tamil language has not been homogeneous since its inception. Everyone knows that the Tamil language, which had a few hundred words in use at the time of its origin, grew, wore out, decayed and changed over time and established itself. Many thousands of words in Tamil language today have their roots in a simple act. Plunging into the ocean of language, the Pavanar has found fifty-four root words among them. This article seeks to know the methods of study found by Pavanar for finding root words.

Tamil Studies: Dravidian Movement Rational Thought, Feminist Thought, Social Thought - Transgenders from the Perspective of The Dravidian Movement

C. Angayarkanni, P. Tamilselvi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Transgender individuals have every right and freedom to live and move about in this society like any other human being. However, in practice, this is often not accepted by society. Despite this, society creates an environment where transgender individuals who attempt to live in this society face various hardships and crises. There is a need for everyone to take action to ensure that transgender individuals can live freely and with dignity in this society, just like men and women, and to rescue them from their current predicament. The Dravidian movement has achieved various accomplishments for transgender people. Numerous studies have been conducted on the Dravidian movement concerning
rationalist thought, feminist thought, and social thought. However, in the present era, transgender individuals are improving their livelihoods by engaging in government jobs and self-employment. Studies on transgender people from the perspective of the Dravidian movement have not been undertaken. If research is conducted on this topic in the future, transgender individuals will gain recognition in society.

Peruraathna Seviilakiya Suvadigal

P. Rajeswari, J. Sowndarya — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tamil is a lauguage which is know as the oldest amoung world launguages. There are numbers of literary works in tamil which are seen in the from of inccriptions ( rocks, copper plates ), plamleafe manuscripts and paper manuscripts. Among these, palmleafe manuscripts are considere as most common and basic sources of tamil literary works from long back. Chithambara adikalar library of perur of perur adhinan, is preserving huge volumes of such palam leaves. From them, the manuscripts of classical literature were studies and explain as follows.

Manikkavachagar’s Devotion and the History of Tirupperunthurai (Avudaiyar) Temple

G. Mahalakshmi, A. Vimala — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Manikkavacakar occupies a unique position in the history of Saiva tradition as an exceptional devotional poet. The core of his life lies in the extraordinary transformation of a man who once held high political office into a devotee who completely surrendered himself to Lord Śiva through divine grace. The sacred site where this transformation occurred is Tirupperunturai, now known as the Avudaiyār Temple, which played a foundational role in both Manikkavacakar’s life and the composition of the Tiruvācakam.Manikkavacakar, who served as a minister under the Pandya king of Madurai, was sent to procure horses for the royal cavalry. During this mission, he encountered Lord Śiva at Tirupperunturai, who appeared in the form of a guru. This profound spiritual experience destroyed his ego and led him to renounce political life and surrender fully at the feet of the Lord. His expression in the Tiruvācakam, “He melted my iron-like heart,” is a direct poetic articulation of this inner transformation.The history of the Avudaiyār Temple at Tirupperunturai centers on the episode in which Lord Śiva, appearing as a Brahmin (Vedic priest), bestowed grace upon Manikkavacakar and claimed him as His own. The use of the entire sum intended for purchasing horses to build the temple, followed by Śiva’s divine play of transforming the horses into foxes, is a well-known episode in Saiva tradition. These historical narratives are recorded in texts such as Manikkavācakar Vilāsam, local temple legends (talapurāṇas), and the works of later poets.Architecturally and ritually, the Avudaiyār Temple is unique in that it departs from conventional Āgamic norms. Instead of a Śiva-liṅga, the sanctum enshrines only the Avudai (yoni) as the primary symbol of worship. This distinctive form represents a Saiva philosophy that transcends image-based worship and emphasizes divine grace and inner spiritual experience. Manikkavacakar’s devotional outlook echoes this very principle, asserting that true worship lies not in ritual alone but in the melting of the heart through loving devotion.Key themes found in the Tiruvācakam—such as the grace of the guru, the dissolution of ego, and liberation from the cycle of birth and death—are literary manifestations of Manikkavacakar’s experience at Tirupperunturai. Consequently, Tirupperunturai is not merely a historical sacred site but may be regarded as the spiritual source of the Tiruvācakam itself. In conclusion, Manikkavacakar’s devotion and the history of the Avudaiyār Temple at Tirupperunturai are inseparably intertwined. His personal spiritual experience evolved into temple history, while that very history became the spiritual substance of the Tiruvācakam, thereby representing the highest expression of the Saiva bhakti tradition.

Mu.Ra-vin Aalumaigal (Enthai)

M. Sugavasan — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Literatures must be reflected and felt through time. They can help in understanding the present situation. MU.RA (M.Ramesh) has undertaken reading with this aim. In an era when there was a notion in the field of Sangam literary studies that research on literature had concluded, it is only now that Sangam literary studies are predominantly coming to light. Through M. Ra’s personality, it is conveyed that there is still room for further research in Sangam literature. In the book he authored, he marvels to the extent that everyone praises, “The glory of the previous era where mother and daughter rejoiced together.” The term ‘enthai’ draws our attention to a multidimensional aspect. Each work allows one to feel a deep and broad understanding of its meaning. This essay explains M. Ra’s personality.

The Biographical Records Revealed By The Novel Sancharam

M. Ramya Rani — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The human race differs by place, race, language, and environment. When humanity lives together as a society, distinct lifestyles—including customs, traditions, art forms, and philosophies— emerge according to that specific community. These elements structure and guide that society over generations. Defining and comprehensively portraying a specific segment of such a society is what constitutes a region. Capturing the natural environment and the way of life of the people living there is the core characteristic of regional literature. In this regard, the novel Sancharam, written by S. Ramakrishnan, portrays the lives of the people in the Karisal (black soil) region. The purpose of this article is to explain the etymology of the word Nadaswaram, the lives of the Nadaswaram artists of the Karisal land, their social marginalization, the traditional folk legends of the Karisal people, and the declining state of the art of Nadaswaram.

Studies That Have Been Done: Studies to be Done - Folk Deities and Worship of the Rajapalayam Region

M. Prakash, R. Kavitha — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Eighth Editions are an important part of Sangam period Tamil literature. They include eight books namely Natrinai, Kurunthokai, Aingurunuru, Pathitruppattu, Paripadal, Kalithokai, Akananuru, and Purananuru. These books depict the lives of women, their feelings, social status, and culture. Feminism is the concept of women’s rights, equality, and their social, economic, and political rights. In the Eighth Editions, women are depicted in various forms as leaders, mothers, lovers, and heroes. This collection of essays examines the female characters found in the Eighth Editions, their social status, culture, and ideas about feminism. This study summary discusses the ideas of feminism in the eight volumes of books, the depictions of women’s lives, social status and culture. This study summary will serve as a starting point for the study of feminism in the eight volumes of books.

Feminism of the Eighth Edition

T. Jaisree — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Eighth Editions are an important part of Sangam period Tamil literature. They include eight books namely Natrinai, Kurunthokai, Aingurunuru, Pathitruppattu, Paripadal, Kalithokai, Akananuru, and Purananuru. These books depict the lives of women, their feelings, social status, and culture. Feminism is the concept of women’s rights, equality, and their social, economic, and political rights In the Eighth Editions, women are depicted in various forms as leaders, mothers, lovers, and heroes. This collection of essays examines the female characters found in the Eighth Editions, their social status, culture, and ideas about feminism. This study summary discusses the ideas of feminism in the eight volumes of books, the depictions of women’s lives, social status and culture. This study summary will serve as a starting point for the study of feminism in the eight volumes of books.

Nomadic Life of Narikkuravas

V. Nirmalar selvi — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Human beings were unable to meet their needs individually hence they formed groups. In these groups everyone was considered equal with no gender - based hierarchy. Food and resources were shared equally. Among them, the strongest and most knowledgeable person was chosen as the leader. The leader’s primary duty was to protect the group from harm and maintain its structure. Even though today the clan - based social structure has disappeared and we live in nuclear families there is still one community that has not abandoned its ancient clan lifestyle is the Tribal society. When we think of tribes, we imagine hill - dwelling communities like the Todas, Irulas, and Kurumbas. However
this article documents a minority community that travels among us in cities the Narikkuravas. Marginalized at all levels and often treated as mere spectacles, the Narikkurava community deserves attention to shed light on their cultural practices. Discussions about their way of life are essential for improving their access to education, self-reliance, and permanent settlement.

“Musical and Dance References in the Tirukkural – A Cultural Literary Study”

Saraniya Srikaran, Podimathaya Venuga — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study establishes that Tamil literature and culture function as an integrated and continuous tradition. Among the ancient art forms of the Tamils, music and dance occupy a primary position and have been reflected in literary works from the Sangam period to the present day. While certain literary texts refer to music and dance explicitly, many others convey their ideas implicitly through musical imagery, terminology, aesthetic expressions, and emotive elements. In this context, the present research undertakes a cultural–literary analysis of the references to music and dance found in the Tirukkural, a didactic and ethical text that embodies the Tamil way of life. The study examines musical expressions, dance-related allusions, bodily gestures (aṅga-bhāva), and aesthetic sentiments embedded in the couplets of the Tirukkural. These references not only reflect the aesthetic sensibilities of Tamil society but also highlight the significant role accorded to the arts within its social and cultural framework. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the rhythmic structure and expressive elegance of the kural metre itself reveal an intrinsic musicality, thereby reinforcing the close relationship between literature and music as a cultural expression. By re-evaluating the artistic and literary traditions of the Tamil language, this research aims to serve as a valuable guide for contemporary artists, researchers, and students engaged in the fields of Tamil studies, music, and performing arts.

Mythological Elements in Bhakti Literature: A Study Based on Āṇḍāl’s Tiruppāvai

V. Mugunthini — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Bhakti movement in Tamil literature, founded upon the devotional hymns of the Nayanmars and Alwars, employed mythological narratives as a vital medium for articulating and disseminating religious philosophy. Both Saivism and Vaishnavism strategically utilized myths to reinforce doctrinal principles and to cultivate devotional fervor, particularly during the Pallava period when Bhakti literature flourished. In their efforts to revive Saivism from competing religious traditions, and to enhance devotional sentiment while revealing theological truths, the Nayanmars and Alwars integrated numerous mythological concepts into their works. Within this tradition, Andal—the sole female among the twelve Alwars—composed two significant texts, Nachiyar Thirumozhi and Thiruppavai. In Thiruppavai, Andal discusses the ritual of Paavai Nombu while simultaneously exalting Krishna, weaving into her verses multiple mythological references to his greatness. This study examines the myths articulated in Thiruppavai, employing explanatory and historical methodologies. The primary sources for this research are Thiruppavai itself and its traditional commentaries.

The Linguistic Style of the Tirupattur District’s Vatteluttu Script (inscriptions, Hero Stones) from a Grammatical Perspective)

S. Sivachandrakumar, M. Soundarya — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

External evidence such as inscriptions, copper plates, and other artifacts serve as proof of the existence of the ancient Tamils. The inscriptions engraved on such stone tablets provide a wealth of information about the language of the period in which they were inscribed, the scribes, the society, and much more. Various writing systems such as Tamil-Brahmi, Vatteluttu, and Tamil are found. In this regard, This research paper examines the Vatteluttu script (inscriptions, hero stones) of Tirupattur district from a grammatical perspective.